2025年高考英語閱讀理解應試技巧

　　■策略一、緊扣主旨大意

　　高考英語閱讀理解的主旨大意題主要是考查考生在理解全文的基礎上運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法對文章進行高度的概括或總結的能力。常見的設問方式有：

　　●標題類：What's the best title/headline for the passage？

　　●大意類：The text is mainly about__.The topic/subject discussed in the passage is _ .From the passage，we can conclude that _ .

　　●作者意圖類：What's the writer's purpose in writing the passage？

　　針對主旨大意類型的題，考生可以掌握以下解題策略：把握文章邏輯結構，快速找出主題；尋找主題句，確定文章中心思想；將首段中心句和各段第一句話連接成一個整體，得出文章主題；逆向思維法解標題類問題。

　　一、把握文章邏輯結構，快速找出主題

　　高考閱讀理解文章的主要邏輯結構：

　　1、時間順序。按時間先后順序說明某一事件、某一理論的發(fā)展過程，屬于這種結構的文章主題通常在首段或末段。

　　2、“總說-分述”結構。首段做總的說明，其他段落分別說明或具體論述首段的觀點，屬于這種結構的文章主題在首段。最典型的是新聞報道類文章，此類體裁的文章在近年高考閱讀中逐漸增多。一般這類文章都有固定格式：城市名稱(新聞社)———新聞內容。掌握一些國際知名新聞社的英文名稱是必要的，路透社Reuters，美聯(lián)社Associated Press，法新社Agence France Presse。

　　3、“分述-總說”結構。前面幾段分別說明，末段總結。屬于這種結構的文章主題在末段。

　　二、尋找主題句，確定文章中心思想

　　不是所有的文章都有主題句，對于大部分有主題句的文章來說，主題句表達了文章的中心思想，找到了主題句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式有：

　　1、在文首。文章開門見山，提出主題，隨后擺事實、講道理來解釋、支撐和發(fā)展主題句所表達的主題思想。2、在文中。通常前面只提出問題，隨之陳述細節(jié)引出主題，而后做進一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。3、在文尾。在表述細節(jié)后，歸納要點，得出結論，以概括主題。

　　三、將首段中心句和各段第一句話連接成一個整體，得出文章主題

　　通常有些文章會在首段提出一個重要論點，隨后在各段分別進一步從不同角度繼續(xù)闡述，這樣我們可以找出首段的中心句，再將其和各段第一句串聯(lián)在一起，就可以得出文章的中心思想。如：(2006北京卷D篇71題)

　　Which is the best title for the passage？

　　A.Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

　　B.Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

　　C.Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

　　D.Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents

　　第一段：Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused，a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.

　　第二段：One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year.…

　　第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing.…

　　從第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不難看出，這篇文章的標題應該是Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment.

　　四、逆向思維法解標題類問題

　　針對這類題型，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者， ，遇到這樣的標題，文章應該怎樣寫？”如：

　　(2005全國I卷B篇62題)What would be the best title for the text？

　　A.A Cross-country Trip

　　B.A Special Border Pass

　　C.An Unguarded Border

　　D.An Expensive Church Visit

　　如果標題是A Cross-country Trip，那么文章應該講述一次出境旅行；如果標題是A Special Border Pass，那么文章應該著重講一個特殊的邊境通行證；如果標題是An Unguarded Border，那么文章應該側重講邊境如何不設防；如果標題是An Expensive Church Visit，那么文章應該講一次禮拜如何花費昂貴了。經過這樣的逆向思維，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章的內容恰好與標題An Expensive Church Visit一致，因此應該選D。

　　■策略二、把握作者意圖

　　每一篇文章都有其寫作目的。那么作者是如何在文章中體現(xiàn)自己的思想呢？他通過哪些語言向讀者傳達了自己的感受呢？我們在閱讀的同時怎樣收集、綜合各種信息，體會作者的情感呢？了解這些有助于我們在做閱讀理解題時把握作者思路，領會文章內涵，做出正確的選擇。要做到這一點，我們需要從兩個方面入手：一是把握作者的寫作意圖，二是把握出題的角度。下面我們就分別分析一下。

　　一、對于寫作意圖的把握

　　有的文章只是客觀地介紹一件事或物，或各方觀點，作者不發(fā)表自己個人的意見，如一些科技文，新聞事件報道等。這樣的文章屬于“廣而告知型”。要根據客觀事實答題，一是一，二是二，凡與事實不符的選項，或文中沒有提到的事實，當然都是不能選的。這樣的題目難度一般都不會很大。最難于駕馭的是一些故事性、情感經歷性的文章。因為作者在行文時會用到一些寫作手法，如倒敘、插敘等。往往還會有一些思想、情感的波動。這就需要我們在閱讀時認真把握，細心體會。

　　1.注意連接詞的使用：Near the end of the last year in middle school，my dad took me to the wildlife refuge.He needed to get some aligator blood to do the experiment.At first，I thought fishing for alligators was a bad idea.What if one tried to eat me？But we had a lot of help，and my dad knew a lot about alligators，so it was OK.

　　通過第一句可知這是倒敘。我們知道了結果：作者去了野生動物保護區(qū)。接下來是作者當初由反感、害怕到最后打消顧慮同意去。都是通過連接詞at first，but，so等展開的。所設題目是：

　　Why did the writer think that fishing for aligators was a bad idea at first？

　　A.Because the writer was afraid of the fierce alligators

　　B.Because we should protect alligators

　　C.Because the writer was not as brave as his father

　　D.Because the writer knew little about alligators

　　弄清了作者的思想波動就不難選出正確答案A了。

　　2.注意一些形容詞及某些特定句式的使用：透過一些形容詞可以看出作者的傾向，如：Isn't that wonderful if we get there by air？(作者希望坐飛機去那里。)

　　某些句型表面看上去是比較級，而實際上是最高級含義。My mother decided to take me on the trip.It couldn't be better.(It couldn't be better=It's great.意為“太好了”)

　　某些否定形式的句子實際上是肯定含義：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our environment too much.(再怎么強調保護環(huán)境的重要性也不過分。)作者以這樣的句子體現(xiàn)自己的觀點：必須加大力度保護環(huán)境。

　　注意虛擬語氣的使用。How I wish I had passed the driving test.(我多么希望已通過了駕照考試呀！)此句暗含的事實是：并沒通過考試。

　　3.將自己想象為故事中的主人公，體會其心理感受

　　有一篇文章，寫一個老太太剛剛在海邊買了一座別墅，打算在那里度過余生。因為那里的氣候濕潤溫暖，更適合她的健康。此時她站在曾經生活了25年的房子里，最后環(huán)顧這曾經裝載了她的大半生的房子。所給的問題是：How does the old lady feel at the last moment in her old house？正確答案是：Her feeling is complex.其他的選項如She is happy/She is sad等都片面。只要我們設身處地站在老太太的位置上想一想，就不難找到正確答案。

　　4.把握全篇文脈，仔細揣摩事情發(fā)生的背景

　　我們不僅要掌握一定的語言知識，還需要平時儲備一定的邏輯推理能力以及必要的西方的文化背景知識，才能完全領會文章的主旨或者其所滲透出的幽默感。請看下面這篇介紹父子關系的文章。第一句話就開門見山：My father and I were very close.He was always proud of my success.然后用一個事例說明：If I won a spelling contest at school，he was on top of the world.如果知道be on top of the world是“高興至極”的意思，也只是理解了語言的表層含義。接下來：When I was named President of the Ford Motor Company，I didn't know which of us was more excited.正確理解了上文的鋪墊，才會真正領會此句暗含的意味及幽默：實際上父親比我還高興。如果對西方人的生活方式及習慣比較了解的話，也不難接受下面的句子：I hugged and kissed my dad at every opportunity———nothing could have felt more natural.我們再來繼續(xù)欣賞一下父親鮮明的個性：My father was a curious man who was always trying new things.He was the first person in my town to buy a motorcycle.Unfortunately，my father and his motorcycle didn't get along too well.He fell off it so often that he got rid of it just a month after buying it.As a result，he never again trusted any vehicle with less than four wheels.讀懂了這些，就不難理解下文中為什么父親不讓“我”擁有一輛自行車，反而當“我”剛滿16歲就讓我開車了。正確理解了文章的來龍去脈及內涵，對于文后題目的處理也就會輕而易舉了。

　　二、對于出題意圖的把握

　　1.正確理解一個事物的兩個方面

　　有些題目不是直接照搬原文的話，而是用一些另外的語言表達出同樣的意思，因此我們必須掌握用英文解釋英文的技能。如一篇介紹輟學學生的文章，文章先后兩次談到學生輟學后的感想。第一次：Most students who dropped out of school in the United States admit they made a mistake by giving up and some say they might have stayed if classes were more chalenging.

　　第二次：three out of four said if they could turn back the clock they would choose to stay.文后的題目是Which of the folowing is right according to the passage？正確答案是：Most dropout students hope to go back to school if p ossible.雖然

　　原文沒有像題目這樣明確說明，但其實這是一個事物的兩個方面；對于輟學的后悔其實就是希望繼續(xù)上學。通過正確推斷這些文句的含義，即可找出正確答案。

　　2.以文章內容為基礎進行判斷

　　有些題目要根據短文的內容來判斷正誤，這就需要按作者的思路去考慮，站在作者或文章內容中出現(xiàn)的人物的立場上予以辨析，不能依據自己的喜好或認知判斷。

　　■策略三、合理推理判斷

　　推理判斷題在高考中占很大的比重，學生在此類題型中也失分最多。推理判斷題要求考生考慮文中信息并在通篇理解文章的基礎上領會作者的言外之意，弦外之音做出合理的推理和判斷。

　　一、理解定義。判斷是對已知的事實仔細評價之后做出的合理決定。推理是對事實的內涵所做的陳述或以事實為依據對未知所做的陳述。注意無論是判斷還是推理都是以已知事實為依據。

　　二、推理題常見的提問形式。常以infer，imply，indicate，suggest，conclude，learn，intend，mean，describe，purpose等詞提問。

　　或含有表推測的情態(tài)動詞，如can，could，might，would等和其他表示可能性的動詞，如probably，mostlikely等。

　　三、具體策略

　　1.通過辨認細節(jié)的技巧，找到相關的事實或證據，對這些事實或證據進行分析和評價，在此基礎上再作決定。切記：推斷是以文章提供的事實為依據，而不是憑空想象，更不是讀者自己的意愿。

　　2.借助常識。在推理判斷題中，我們平時積累的一些常識通常會派上用場。2006年陜西高考英語試卷中一篇關于通信發(fā)展史的閱讀最為典型。 A.The postal service has over the years become faster. B.The postal service has over the years become slower.大家都應知道交通越來越發(fā)達，郵電業(yè)當然是faster.此篇還涉及到有關發(fā)郵件的常識，如果同學們有這個common sense，就如魚得水了。

　　3.務必要用排除法。排除法在此類題型中發(fā)揮著不可磨滅的作用。根據在文章中找到的事實依據和常識排除錯誤信息，再排除和文章中一詞不差的信息 (文章里的原句不會是推理判斷出來的結果，但通過同義詞或句型轉換過的選項有可能是正確答案)，最后再排除無關或偏離信息，正確答案就不言而喻了。

　　4.詞句段篇，相互交融。詞的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解也離不開篇。單獨說floor誰都知道是什么意思，但…she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover，in her own handwriting…這個語境里是surprised的意思。因此不能獨立地看某個詞或某句話。此外，學生對一詞多義或一些習語的積累也是很有必要的，這就要靠同學們課下多下工夫了。

　　5.平時擴大詞匯量的同時也要注意學習詞的深刻內涵。從措辭去尋找文章的感情色彩，猜測作者的態(tài)度或寫作意圖。現(xiàn)僅舉一簡單的例子。When the phone finally rang，he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it.從這幾個詞我們能形象地看出他等電話之久，緊張迫不及待的心情，同時也說明電話之重要，這正是作者的真正意圖。

　　例He is an old cobbler(修鞋匠) with a shop in the Marais，a historic area in Paris.When I took him my shoes，he at first told me：“I have no time.Take them to the other fellow on the main street;he'll fix them right away.”

　　But I'd had my eye on his shop for a long time.Just looking at his bench loaded with tolls and pieces of leather，I knew he was a skilled craftsman(手藝人).“No，”I replied，“the other fellow can't do it well.”

　　“The other fellow”was one of those shopkeepers who fix shoes and make keys “while-u-wait”-without knowing much about mending shoes or making keys.They work carelessly，and when they have finished sewing back a sandal strap(鞋帶)you might as well just throw away the pair.

　　My man saw I wouldn't give in，and he smiled.He wiped his hands on his blue apron(圍裙)，looked at my shoes，had me write my name on one shoe with a piece of chalk and said，“Come back in a week.”I was about to leave when he took a pair of soft leather boots off a shelf.

　　“See what I can do？”he said with a pride.“Only three of us in Paris can do this kind of work.”

　　When I got back out into the street，the world seemed brand-new to me.He was something out of an ancient legend(傳說)，this old craftsman with his way of speaking familiarly，his very strange，dusty felt hat，his funny accent from who-knows-where and，above all，his pride in his craft.

　　These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line，when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”，when，in short，people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消費) rather than a way to realize their own abilities.In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.

　　1.Which of the following is true about the old cobbler？

　　A.He was equipped with the best repairing tools.

　　B.He was the only cobbler in the Marais.

　　C.He was proud of his skils.

　　D.He was a native Parisian.

　　2.The sentence“he was something out of an ancient legend.”implied that___

　　A.nowadays you can hardly find anyone like him

　　B.it was difficult to communicate with this man

　　C.the man was very strange

　　D.the man was too old

　　解析：1.C文中多處提到關于自豪的字眼a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.And he said with a pride.這正是C項的涵義。A，D是無關信息文中沒有提及排除B是錯誤選項。依據：The other fellow還有Only three of us in Paris can do…

　　2.A說他像古代傳奇中的人物。言行，打扮尤其對自己手藝的自豪，現(xiàn)代社會罕見。In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.B，D在文章中沒有任何依據，排除。C項的strange很有迷惑性但文中說到的是strange hat not the man.

　　■【試試看吧】

　　All through my boyhood and youth，I was known as an idler;and yet I was always busy on my own private end，which was to learn to write.I kept always two books in my pocket，one to read，one to write in.As I walked，my mind was busy fitting what I saw with appropriate words;when I sat by the roadside，I would either read， or a pencil and a note-book would be in my hand，to note down the features of the scene or write some poor lines of verse.Thus I lived with words. And what I thus wrote was for no future use;it was written consciously for practice.It was not much that I wished to be an author(though I wished that，too)as that I had vowed that I would learn to write.That was a proficiency that tempted me ;and I practised to acquire it.Description was the principal field of my exercise;for to anyone with senses there is always something worth describing and town and country are but one continuous subject.But I worked in other ways also;I often accompanied my walks with dramatic dialogues，in which I played many parts;and often exercised myself in writing down conversations from memory.

　　This was all excellent，no doubt.And yet this was not the most efficient part of my training.Good as it was，it only taught me the choice of the essential note and the right word.And regarded as training，it had one grave defect;for it set me no standard of achievement.So there was perhaps more profit，as there was certainly more effort，in my secret labours at home.Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me，in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety ，in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction(巧妙特色) in the style，I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality.I was unsuccessful and I knew it;and tried again，and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful;but at least in these vain bouts I got some practice in rhythm，in harmony，in construction and the coordination of parts.I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hzlitte，to Lamb，to Wordsworth，to Defoe，to Hawthorne.That，like it or not，is the way to learn to write;whether I have profited or not，that is the way.It was so，if we could trace it out，that all men have learned.

　　1.In this passage______.

　　A.an expert tells about how writers become successful

　　B.a writer tells about the techniques of writing

　　C.a student tells about how he learned to write

　　D.a writer tells about his experience of learning to write

　　2.Fromt his passage we can infer that____.

　　A.it is a good habit for everyone to take books in his pocket while idling in the street.

　　B.practice and imitation are important in learning to write

　　C.one had better start to learn to write from one's younger days

　　D.failure is the mother of success

　　參考答案:D\B

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