高考英語(yǔ)閱讀筆記大全
來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò) 2009-09-04 09:26:35
一.文章的套路結(jié)構(gòu):(本筆記局限于說(shuō)明文章,議論文章。)
1. 結(jié)論說(shuō)明型
A.文章開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)一個(gè)結(jié)論,后為對(duì)他的解釋
B.TS(topical sentence即主題句)即為為結(jié)論出現(xiàn)支出;注意特別容易的情況是每一段之主題句是該段首句。
C.什么是“判斷句”?---通常很重要,判斷結(jié)論說(shuō)明型靠判斷句,直指主題
a.系表結(jié)構(gòu):be. remain
b.含有作者的態(tài)度和評(píng)價(jià),注意可能有自由褒貶詞
2.新老觀(guān)點(diǎn)型
A.判斷標(biāo)志:
文章開(kāi)始不久就出現(xiàn)了老觀(guān)點(diǎn),例如:
it was traditionally assumed?
it was once / usually believed?
Many ××believed that?
Many ××have argued?
It was frequently assumed that?
It was universally accepted that?
過(guò)去.傳統(tǒng).大家一致公認(rèn)的觀(guān)點(diǎn),都是老觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
B.TS:陳述新觀(guān)點(diǎn)的句子。
C.新觀(guān)點(diǎn)特征:
對(duì)同一focus給出不同的解釋。
讀到老觀(guān)點(diǎn)的時(shí)候,應(yīng)該停下來(lái)想一想,新觀(guān)點(diǎn)可能是什么樣子,從而往下有目的地尋找。
3.現(xiàn)象解釋型
A.判斷標(biāo)志:首段給出一個(gè)自然的或社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象,往往很古怪,下文對(duì)其做出解釋。
B.可能有多種解釋,TS:作者給了正評(píng)價(jià)的解釋。
C.需要注意的是:
a.可能先給出幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的(作者持負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)),最后一個(gè)才是正確的(正平價(jià))。
b.可能所有解釋作者全都不喜歡。
4.問(wèn)題解決.回答型
A.判斷標(biāo)志:
a.手段出現(xiàn)了設(shè)問(wèn)句。
b.首段出現(xiàn)了以下詞語(yǔ):problem difficulty task puzzle 等
B.TS:作者給出正評(píng)價(jià)的解決方案。
5.其他類(lèi)的文章
前班部分是以上四種結(jié)構(gòu)之一,后半部分講了一些與前面無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。
TS在前面,從前面不從后面
二.做題的幾條原則
1.先讀文章后做題也可以先看題在看文章,建議仔細(xì)看全文,才能把握主題不至于上當(dāng)
2.不能憑印象,或自己的知識(shí)背景做題。這點(diǎn)我很有感觸,作題不能想當(dāng)然
2. 做細(xì)節(jié)題:必須找原文語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn),正確選項(xiàng)為原文的精確改寫(xiě)。(難大題目用選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ),掃描全文,此外在讀原文時(shí)有意識(shí)的記一下
三.平常復(fù)習(xí)的建議
1.復(fù)雜句式――重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練。推薦王若平的大學(xué)難句和考研難句,隨便哪本都可以。價(jià)格好象是20大元。難句重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練省略,倒裝,復(fù)雜從句,等
2. 生詞.詞組:注意熟詞僻義
3. 注意對(duì)找主題句絕對(duì)敏感;
4.重點(diǎn)把握:A文章結(jié)構(gòu);B作者態(tài)度。
具體作題思維:
下面是我的習(xí)慣。希望網(wǎng)友斧正
1. 第一遍讀文章的時(shí)候,第一段的1-2句要重讀,可能出主題,或是1-2句本身是作者要批駁的標(biāo)把
其后幾段
1)例子,注意考 in order to 題型,答案或前或后,例子的目的要比例子本身重要。如果細(xì)節(jié)題要注意選鄉(xiāng)有變化,出題老師不會(huì)送分給你
2)“:” “--” 同義重復(fù) “;” 相當(dāng)于順接連詞
3)順接連詞:moreover ,furthermore等。
a. 前后作者態(tài)度一致,可以用于旁證作者態(tài)度;
b. 前面如果有不認(rèn)識(shí)的動(dòng)詞或者形容詞,后句還可以作掙扎;
c. 如果全段都沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)連詞,則缺省為順接關(guān)系,段首為主句。
4)讓步語(yǔ)氣:
&S226;讓步之后必有轉(zhuǎn)折,轉(zhuǎn)折部分一定要讀懂強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折很可能出題;
&S226;如果轉(zhuǎn)折句沒(méi)有讀懂,則回過(guò)頭去看讓步部分,取他的相反即可這樣還是可以讀懂句子。
5)觀(guān)點(diǎn).說(shuō)法:
具體內(nèi)容可以快速略去,關(guān)鍵要把握代表人物.作者態(tài)度。作者態(tài)度很重要,很可能出題
2.選項(xiàng)處理
1)直選法:精確定位是關(guān)鍵。
2)正確選項(xiàng)必須是原文的精確改寫(xiě):
a.主動(dòng)詞:與原文同義或者近義;
b.直接賓語(yǔ);
c.范疇:包括各種狀語(yǔ)(時(shí)間.地點(diǎn)等).作用范圍.人物群體等等。
3.排除法:
1)最重要的是文字對(duì)應(yīng)法;
2)先應(yīng)該縱向掃描選項(xiàng),如果在講同一對(duì)象,則先回原文定位,再做選擇。
四.重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象
1. 主題句
2. 每段的主體詞、關(guān)鍵詞(兩三個(gè))
3. 強(qiáng)對(duì)比(肯定、絕對(duì)要出題1)unlike, in contrast to, be distinguish from
2)時(shí)間:once, now, new, nowadays, current ideas, until, recently, past,
in 1950’s?
3)最高級(jí),唯一性
&S226;最高級(jí):most, uttermost, foremost, least, always, never, first, last, all, every, any, each, none, -est
&S226;唯一性:only, sole, unique, exclusively, mere
關(guān)聯(lián)對(duì)比詞:a. Unlike(相反)b. Contrast c. On the other hand d. On the contrary
4. 強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折
雖然:However/While
但是:But, Yet, Whereas
In fact-Actually2. 強(qiáng)因果
Because/Since/For/冒號(hào)/分號(hào)
表所以:Thus/Hence/Therefore/Lead to/Result in/Result from/Lie in
表結(jié)論:Conclude/Conclusion/Conclusive
表后果:Consequent/Consequence
5. 強(qiáng)調(diào)詞、強(qiáng)調(diào)性語(yǔ)言
1) 最高級(jí)
順序最高級(jí):First
頻率最高級(jí):Always/Never
程度最高級(jí):Foremost/Uttermost/Utmost
2) 唯一性
Only/Sole(ly)/Unique(ly)/Exclusive(ly)/Alone(后置)
3) 比較級(jí)
More than/Less than/As…as…/Similar to/The same as
慎重對(duì)待題肢中的最高級(jí)、比較級(jí)
6. 專(zhuān)有名詞
人名、物種(動(dòng)植物)、化學(xué)物質(zhì)、地名
Nevertheless-Nonetheless
Rather-Instead
Despite-In spite of
注意:
極端轉(zhuǎn)折(最后半句是想說(shuō)的)
多重轉(zhuǎn)折三中標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
引號(hào)(引用某人原話(huà);表強(qiáng)調(diào);表負(fù)評(píng)價(jià))——易出題
括號(hào)、破折號(hào)——表插入、補(bǔ)充、解釋
6. 判斷句(定性結(jié)論、提綱挈領(lǐng))(可能是主題體)
1) 系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
Be/Remain/Seem/Can/Cannot/May/Might
2) 自由褒貶詞
例:His (brazen/penetrating) view (successfully/curiously) changed our attitude
第二部分 題目類(lèi)型
一.主題題型
(一)問(wèn)main idea, primary purpose,title,etc
1.正確選項(xiàng)必須具備三個(gè)特征:
、儆衒ocus; ②無(wú)細(xì)節(jié); ③態(tài)度與原文一致
--能找到TS則直接改寫(xiě),找不到依據(jù)這三個(gè)特征使用排除法
2.先看選項(xiàng)的主體動(dòng)詞,迅速排除干擾項(xiàng)
、賞resentation型的文章
present, describe, explain, illustrate, point out?(此只是技巧有時(shí)靠不。
②argumentation型的文章
evaluate, criticize, refute, challenge, counter, correct
--出現(xiàn)了則優(yōu)先選(此只是技巧有時(shí)靠不。
(二)問(wèn)focus: 應(yīng)直接定位TS
需要注意以下幾點(diǎn):
后面出現(xiàn)大段無(wú)關(guān)論述時(shí):主題“從前不從后”;
從面TS已對(duì)某事物給了正態(tài)度,末尾再作轉(zhuǎn)折,說(shuō)一些毛病,缺點(diǎn),這是倒讓步,而不是文章的重點(diǎn),不用考慮!
二.作者態(tài)度題型
態(tài)度題的做法:
判斷依據(jù):
1判斷句(系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、自由褒貶詞)前面兩個(gè)好理解,自由褒貶詞一說(shuō)是新東方老師的稱(chēng)呼,這也是他教的方法。通過(guò)找它對(duì)判斷作者態(tài)度很有作用,但前提是你對(duì)全文的結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯把握的比較好,單純通過(guò)自由褒貶詞的判斷還是不很保險(xiǎn),但這是一個(gè)思路,考研英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言難度不是太大,還是好判斷的
2某些某些名人說(shuō)話(huà)引號(hào)中的形容詞或副詞表評(píng)價(jià)(注意我上次改正的帖子,我也貼在這里
所謂名人態(tài)度題分兩種,
1是問(wèn)某人態(tài)度,可能出某人的ATTITUDE NOT INCLUDE。。。? 2是主題的態(tài)度,借名人來(lái)造勢(shì)
這就出現(xiàn)了
1作者的意見(jiàn)和名人的一致,要注意全文的起承轉(zhuǎn)合,比較明顯的詞FOR EXAMPLE SUCH。。AS 。。SUCH AS。等等很多,自己平常作題時(shí)有意識(shí)記一下,只要知道下面的話(huà)是用來(lái)支持觀(guān)點(diǎn)的,所以我說(shuō),例子的的目的要重要于例子本身,這種題容易丟分。
2作者的意見(jiàn)和名人的不一致,有時(shí)名人的話(huà)只是給文章好開(kāi)個(gè)頭,批的就是他。這就是觀(guān)點(diǎn)對(duì)立式主題文章的類(lèi)型,在文中的明顯的詞有:IS TEMPTED TO SAY,IT IS PRESUMELY BELIEVEED THAT 。。。等等,平常作題時(shí)有意識(shí)記一下,注意觀(guān)點(diǎn)對(duì)立式這里就一定出現(xiàn)了意思的強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折,例如HOWER,BUT ,WHILE,ON THE CONTRARY 等等。而且在闡述作者本身觀(guān)點(diǎn)時(shí)可能會(huì)有自由褒貶詞,一定要小心呀
3一些實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表評(píng)價(jià),尤其在講原理,或研究的文章中:(我舉了一些實(shí)際遠(yuǎn)不止這么多,建議自己總結(jié)一下
a. 負(fù):fail to/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/
misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook
b. 正:find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine
4) 讓步:前半句是假話(huà);后半句是真正要說(shuō)的,轉(zhuǎn)折:一般大負(fù)小正原則上以大為準(zhǔn)兼顧小的,如果選鄉(xiāng)中只有大的以大為準(zhǔn)。
a. It is true/correct; Of course
b. No doubt; Undoubtedly
c. 助動(dòng)詞do/may/seem/appear
5) 從大不從小原則:從全文來(lái)講,看前面、開(kāi)頭或主題講的是什么評(píng)價(jià)。
2. 做題注意事項(xiàng):
1) 避免極端選項(xiàng),太激進(jìn)的選鄉(xiāng),請(qǐng)注意極端選項(xiàng)排除法只是個(gè)輔助的方法,適用范圍較窄。
2) 混和評(píng)價(jià)的正確選項(xiàng)的表達(dá)方式:
a. …but/and…
如:critical but admiring(大正小負(fù))
correct but limited correct and incomplete
b. 由修飾詞所限定的評(píng)價(jià)詞:
partially (correct); qualified (approval)(打了折扣的,有限制的);
guarded (criticism) (慎重的);tentative (acceptance)(暫時(shí)的,嘗試性的)
reluctant (criticism)(不情愿的);enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation
還有INFER 題我真的對(duì)他沒(méi)什么把握,他對(duì)應(yīng)試者的素質(zhì)要求很高。
三.該拿分的定位題
--需要重點(diǎn)練習(xí)迅速定位.精確改寫(xiě)的技巧。〖(xì)節(jié)題目有時(shí)考的很偏應(yīng)盡量拿分再次提醒不要用背景知識(shí)答題。
1.in order to題型(example的作用?)
、僭南瓤偨Y(jié),后example,則應(yīng)該往前定位
標(biāo)志:for example/for instance/such as/like
、谠南萫xample,后總結(jié)歸納,則應(yīng)該往后定位
標(biāo)志:thus, hence, conclusion
、廴绻麤](méi)有任何標(biāo)志,則前后為順接關(guān)系,一般為先結(jié)論后舉例,往前定位
2強(qiáng)對(duì)比取非題
①簡(jiǎn)單強(qiáng)對(duì)化
unlike, in contrast to, compared with
、跁r(shí)間強(qiáng)對(duì)比---時(shí)間可能有變化,比如原文1970S,選項(xiàng)為30 DECADES AGO,等等
3.態(tài)度題
4.主題問(wèn)TITLE題
5,決大多數(shù)細(xì)節(jié)題,關(guān)鍵看你的敏感度和瞬間記憶,作完主題題再查找也可以。
本人做閱讀兩遍操作
下面說(shuō)說(shuō)我的思維過(guò)程(很多是新東方教的再結(jié)合網(wǎng)友經(jīng)驗(yàn)):
1第一段詳細(xì)讀,集中最高注意力的讀,每一句都讀(因?yàn)榕袛嗵茁?0%看第一段能做出個(gè)預(yù)測(cè)).
2 每段首句好好讀,盡可能多的把握其用意,尤其是和文章結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系,在這樣結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中充當(dāng)什么角色 如果這一段寫(xiě)的是觀(guān)點(diǎn),則一定要讀,不僅要讀,還要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的啟承轉(zhuǎn)合。重點(diǎn)要讀讀新觀(guān)點(diǎn) 如果這一段是個(gè)研究,試驗(yàn),則明白它的研究對(duì)象, 看到啟程轉(zhuǎn)合,凝神靜看。放慢速度. 如果這一段寫(xiě)的是觀(guān)點(diǎn),則一定要讀,不僅要讀,還要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的啟承轉(zhuǎn)合!其中重點(diǎn)讀新觀(guān)點(diǎn),舊觀(guān)點(diǎn)略! 如果這一段講的是個(gè)具體的內(nèi)容,進(jìn)程,事件,原理...則基本不要讀,知道他講什么就夠了!讀轉(zhuǎn)折詞,這是為了看看是否有意外的觀(guān)點(diǎn)!沒(méi)有,則可以做題了! 遇到however ,in fact ,is driven to, purpose of, instead of, not...but..., unlike, contrast. 等等等有指導(dǎo)意義的詞組,要慢讀,并且使勁記住主體詞!
例如涉及到誰(shuí),反對(duì)了什么。全文中for example, for instance等不讀.想一下是針對(duì)誰(shuí)舉的例 子就可以,記住,例子的目的遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比內(nèi)容要重要. 末句之重要!因?yàn)槲恼略摻Y(jié)束了,作者一般在這 個(gè)時(shí)候必須給讀者一個(gè)交待,所以通常講出一些比較有指導(dǎo)意義的話(huà)! 對(duì)于文章末句要予以高度關(guān)注,尤其是末斷的讓步!一般不能撼動(dòng)前面作者一直持續(xù)的態(tài)度,只是作者為了嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)客觀(guān)起見(jiàn)的闡述.
3。同時(shí)劃記號(hào)
如:
主題結(jié)構(gòu)類(lèi)(主題.organization.各段作用.各段結(jié)構(gòu).態(tài)度.寫(xiě)作;)
in order to題,imply題,所以遇到in order to一定要筆記;
大寫(xiě)名詞,斜體字,一定要記
強(qiáng)對(duì)比(rather than. unlike.)
列舉,3個(gè)以上的列舉
連詞(not..but..; not only..but also.. ;no longer ..but
缺陷,尤其是unless怎樣怎樣,就更好,一定要筆記
最后還有細(xì)節(jié)題。這種題型相對(duì)有一些難度,但是如果對(duì)段落的把握比較好,就好定。這要求在讀文的時(shí)候有意識(shí)記住,對(duì)瞬間記憶要求高
4讀完后不急作題,花10秒理一下思路和結(jié)構(gòu),先做主題題 INORDER TO 提等和全文有關(guān)的題目
5。細(xì)節(jié)題目,第二遍查找式閱讀因?yàn)閷?duì)主題把握的好,又記錄了一些細(xì)節(jié),所以相對(duì)速度還湊活
后記:
方法不是絕對(duì),怎么方便怎么來(lái),這也是我主持這次討論的原因,對(duì)自己一段時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)做個(gè)檢討,總結(jié)。我的這些意見(jiàn)只提供參考,總之,作題,分析是為了提高分?jǐn)?shù),方法不是絕對(duì),怎么方便怎么來(lái),但我建議大家還是學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)測(cè)。頂級(jí)高手確實(shí)一遍就過(guò)。
一. 閱讀的整體解題思路:三步走
1. 第一步:通讀全文,抓住中心。(不推薦采用先看題目后讀文章的做法)
在此過(guò)程中,注意把握三個(gè)閱讀原則:
⑴原則一:1∶1原則(通讀時(shí)間與做題時(shí)間對(duì)等)
、圃瓌t二:首段原則(不要怕重復(fù)和回讀)首段的作用:①中心段 ②拋磚引玉
⑶原則三:首末句原則,即除首段和末段,其余各段的首末句一定要讀懂,其他各句正常閱讀
2. 第二步:仔細(xì)審題,返回原文。
3. 第三步:重疊選項(xiàng),得出答案。具體來(lái)講,可以設(shè)原文意思為A,選項(xiàng)意思為B
若A=B,則B為正確答案;
若A、B不相關(guān),則B不為正確答案,即原文沒(méi)有提到的,一定不是答案;
若B為A的反面,即B與A矛盾,則B不為正確答案;
若A的內(nèi)容包含B,則B為正確答案;
若B的內(nèi)容包含A,則B不為正確答案,屬于擴(kuò)大范圍的錯(cuò)誤;
若A、B有交集不重疊,則B不為正確答案。
必須記。哼x一個(gè)選項(xiàng)應(yīng)有選的理由,不選一個(gè)選項(xiàng)也應(yīng)有不選的理由。
二. 宏觀(guān)閱讀技巧:
1. 一種文章模式:花開(kāi)兩朵,各表一枝。即在文章開(kāi)始提出兩個(gè)核心概念,隨后分段論述。這種文章關(guān)鍵是兩個(gè)概念的定義,以及它們的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系。
2. 一種文章模式:出現(xiàn)獨(dú)句段,即一個(gè)句子單獨(dú)成段。特別是當(dāng)其出現(xiàn)在文章最開(kāi)始或結(jié)束的時(shí)候,它一般是文章的中心思想。
3. 一種文章模式:層層遞進(jìn)。文章整體或幾個(gè)段落論述的問(wèn)題有從抽象到具體、從初級(jí)到高級(jí)、從簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,且各段開(kāi)始都出現(xiàn)遞進(jìn)詞。這種文章的中心或幾段的核心觀(guān)點(diǎn)必然出現(xiàn)在層層遞進(jìn)各段的最后一段。
4. 一種文章模式:?jiǎn)栴}答案型(question-answer)。文章第一段中出現(xiàn)一個(gè)問(wèn)題,在隨后各段提供該問(wèn)題的答案。這種文章的中心就是該問(wèn)題最直接最主要的答案。
5. 時(shí)文的特點(diǎn):⑴聳人聽(tīng)聞,吸引眼球 ⑵貌似客觀(guān) ⑶拋磚引玉
一般來(lái)說(shuō),時(shí)文的中心會(huì)出現(xiàn)在首段的最后一句話(huà)或第二段的首句。
三. 微觀(guān)閱讀技巧:
1. 句子中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用:
、 句號(hào):用來(lái)分割句子。
、 逗號(hào):兩個(gè)逗號(hào)之間或一個(gè)逗號(hào)之后,是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明成分,可以先不看。
、 冒號(hào):冒號(hào)前后是從抽象到具體的過(guò)程,后面進(jìn)一步具體說(shuō)明前面的內(nèi)容。
、 分號(hào):分號(hào)前后是并列關(guān)系。包括結(jié)構(gòu)上并列和語(yǔ)義上并列兩種。
、 破折號(hào):兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間或一個(gè)破折號(hào)之后,是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明成分,可以先不看。
、 引號(hào):一種是引用別人觀(guān)點(diǎn),其作用要么是作為支持的觀(guān)點(diǎn),要么作為批判的對(duì)象;另一
種是說(shuō)反話(huà),表示反語(yǔ)。
⑺ 括號(hào):括號(hào)內(nèi)的內(nèi)容起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或解釋詞義的作用。
2. 長(zhǎng)難句解析方法:先抓主干,找出復(fù)雜句最核心的成分,再層層擴(kuò)展。
3. 類(lèi)比關(guān)系:
⑴ 可以把類(lèi)比看作特殊的例證
、 識(shí)別一下,作者把什么比喻成了什么
4. 常見(jiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句種的基本語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu):
、 形式主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
、 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
⑶ 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
、 同位語(yǔ)從句
、 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣
、 省略
5. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣:表達(dá)一種反事實(shí)假設(shè)。
例如:If you were/had come here yesterday, you would have seen that famous professor.
作者用虛擬語(yǔ)氣一般表示建議、態(tài)度和觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
四. 九大題型解題思路詳解:
1. 細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題:
、 標(biāo)志:
、兕}干中明確提到的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物等細(xì)節(jié)信息
②針對(duì)文章中的一句或幾句發(fā)問(wèn)
、垲}干和選項(xiàng)之間是因果關(guān)系
、 做題的關(guān)鍵在于:返回原文
、俑鶕(jù)題干中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物返回原文
、诟鶕(jù)出題順序返回原文(60%的準(zhǔn)度)
、鄹鶕(jù)題干中的重點(diǎn)詞或其同義詞返回原文(如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞,70%的準(zhǔn)度)
、苷以闹械碾y句定位,一般來(lái)說(shuō),難句都是出題點(diǎn)。
、 迷惑人的手段:
①單詞替換
、陬嵉挂蚬
③擴(kuò)大范圍
、艹WR(shí)判斷
2. 例證題:
、 標(biāo)志:case example illustration demonstration exemplify demonstrate illustrate
⑵ 做題的關(guān)鍵在于:是否能找到例子支持的論點(diǎn),而不在于能否看懂例子
、 做題的步驟:
①首先返回原文定位該例子
、谌缓80%向上、20%向下搜索該例子支持的論點(diǎn)
、墼谒膫(gè)選項(xiàng)中尋找與找到的論點(diǎn)表達(dá)最一致、意思最接近的一個(gè)才是正確答案
3. 詞匯題:
、 標(biāo)志:在題干中明確指出原文中某處的單詞或詞組,要求辨別其意思
、 做題的關(guān)鍵在于:該單詞本身并不重要,重要的是該單詞的上下文
⑶ 如果該單詞認(rèn)識(shí),并不超出大綱,則其字面意思必然不是正確答案,其正確答案是根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)的一個(gè)更加深刻的含義
、 做題的方法:可以使用兩種方法從上下文進(jìn)行推理:
①代入替換法
②在上下文中尋找同詞性的詞或詞組
4. 句子理解題:
、 標(biāo)志:在題干中明確指出原文中的一句話(huà),要求理解其意思
、 做題的關(guān)鍵在于:返回原文對(duì)出題的句子進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法解析,要精確理解其涵義
⑶ 做此類(lèi)題目時(shí)重要的并不是上下文,而是句子本身
、 正確答案與原句之間是一種同義關(guān)系,其中沒(méi)有任何推理過(guò)程
5. 指代題:
⑴ 標(biāo)志:在題干中明確指出原文中某處的指代詞,要求辨別其指代關(guān)系。
?嫉闹复~有:it that one
、 做題的步驟:
①首先返回原文定位該指代詞,并且90%向上、10%向下搜索其指代的詞、詞組或句子
、谌缓笤谒膫(gè)選項(xiàng)中找出與所找到的詞、詞組或句子意思最接近的一個(gè)作為答案
6. 推理題:
、 標(biāo)志:關(guān)鍵詞:infer imply
、 整體思路:
①絕大多數(shù)推理題是原文意思的同義表達(dá),正確答案與原文之間沒(méi)有任何推理關(guān)系
、谧鲱}時(shí)可以尋找四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中三錯(cuò)一對(duì)的關(guān)系
、 如果四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的選項(xiàng)都是成立的推理步驟,那么與原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的選項(xiàng)即是正確答案
7. 作者態(tài)度題:
、 標(biāo)志:關(guān)鍵詞:attitude believe deem consider regard
、 作者態(tài)度只分為三大類(lèi):
①支持、贊同、樂(lè)觀(guān)
、诳陀^(guān)、中立
③反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀(guān)
除此之外,沒(méi)有其他的作者態(tài)度
、 有些選項(xiàng)是固定不能作為正確答案的:indifferent subjective biased puzzling
⑷ 識(shí)別作者態(tài)度有以下方法:
、僬椅闹袔в懈星樯实拿巍(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞
、诟鶕(jù)作者舉的例子判斷
8. 判斷題:
、 標(biāo)志:
、賥hich of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned?
、贏ll of the following statements are ture /correct/mentioned except?
、 整體思路:
、偈紫葢(yīng)判斷是三錯(cuò)一對(duì)還是三對(duì)一錯(cuò)
所謂“對(duì)”是指符合原文
所謂“錯(cuò)”是指和原文有矛盾,或原文未提及
、诿恳粋(gè)選項(xiàng)都應(yīng)力爭(zhēng)返回原文,不能通過(guò)印象進(jìn)行判斷
、 特別關(guān)注:
、俎D(zhuǎn)折處
、谧罡呒(jí)
③感情色彩的詞(褒貶含義)
9. 主旨題:
、 標(biāo)志:best title main idea main problem conclusion
⑵ 整體思路:利用宏觀(guān)閱讀技巧做主旨題
、 特別要小心首段、末段陷阱
、 做題的方法:快速作文法:依據(jù)選項(xiàng)、快速作文、與原文核對(duì)
五. 復(fù)習(xí)策略和方法:
1. 精讀真題:要求做到
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一:真題中沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)單詞是生詞
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二:真題中沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句是難句
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)三:真題中每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都知道其在原文中的相應(yīng)出處
復(fù)習(xí)方法:⑴ 朗讀和背誦
、 制作三套卡片: ①單詞:正面單詞,背面音標(biāo)及意思
②長(zhǎng)難句:正面原句,背面翻譯
③精彩表達(dá)的積累,用于寫(xiě)作
2. 快速重復(fù)背單詞:強(qiáng)調(diào)背誦的“快”和“重復(fù)”
⑴ 要降低一次背誦的期望值,重復(fù)是解決遺忘的最好辦法
、 背單詞不要利用黃金時(shí)間和整塊時(shí)間
3. 定量定范圍泛讀
、 推薦書(shū)目:《大綱》《考試分析》《英語(yǔ)閱讀理解高分寶典》《英語(yǔ)考前沖刺》
、 推薦刊物:①《China Daily》主要看的版面:business world economy culture opinion
、凇21st Century》
、邸队⒄Z(yǔ)世界》《英語(yǔ)》《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家(economist)》《US news and world reports》
、 推薦小說(shuō):可以看看海明威的作品
、 推薦語(yǔ)法書(shū):①《中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》
②《Cambridge English Grammar》
、 推薦字典:①《牛津高級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)者詞典》 《朗文當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)詞典》
、凇俄f氏大學(xué)版詞典》
4. 做少量模擬題
⑴ 驗(yàn)證自己在真題中形成的解題思路
、 擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍
注意:一定要做錯(cuò)誤分析!
閱讀40分高分研究(很長(zhǎng) 但大家研究一下肯定有好處)
二選一,50%概率求解的方法:
“反義項(xiàng),解在其中”
“形似項(xiàng),解在其中”
“近義項(xiàng),解在其中”
實(shí)戰(zhàn)出真知,技巧是從大量試題中總結(jié)出來(lái)的,要想真正掌握技巧,那就要去實(shí)戰(zhàn)中去。請(qǐng)大家繼續(xù)閱讀本書(shū),當(dāng)您讀完本書(shū)后,再重讀本篇,體會(huì)一下是否對(duì)此有更深入的理解?是否有新的感覺(jué)?
十三、萬(wàn)無(wú)一失的答題方法
*從正面解題,抓住文章的中心思想,掌握文章的脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),明查文章的細(xì)枝末節(jié)。
*從反面驗(yàn)證解的合理性,及命題的合理性,避開(kāi)陷阱,排除隱患。
*不但要知道哪一個(gè)是解,解對(duì)在那里,而且還要知道其余三個(gè)非解選項(xiàng)(即干擾項(xiàng))錯(cuò)在什么地方。
如果您能夠做到以上三個(gè)方面,(注意此三者并無(wú)因定順序,尤其是在答題遇到不順利的情況下),那您才真正達(dá)到高手做題的那種與世無(wú)爭(zhēng)、獨(dú)孤求敗的境界。這與其說(shuō)是方法,不如說(shuō)是境界,沒(méi)有非凡的閱讀能力,只能是紙上談兵。如果您現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有此能力,不要著急,那就請(qǐng)您將它看作是您今后奮斗的目標(biāo),催人奮進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。
第三部分 閱讀之盤(pán)龍?jiān)坪F?--------閱讀潛在命題點(diǎn)的挖掘
第一節(jié) 閱讀理解基本理論
三、如何在文章中做記號(hào)
善于閱讀的人往往在文章的某些句子或詞語(yǔ)下面劃線(xiàn),表示重要,以便以后查找方便。實(shí)踐證明,這種方法在考試中是非常有效的。因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)標(biāo)出重點(diǎn),你的閱讀更活躍,思維更積極,注意力集中,減少大腦“走私”。文章較長(zhǎng)(450詞左右),考生很難記住所有的內(nèi)容,甚至段落大意都可能忘記,而考題只有五個(gè),不可能所有的句子都重要,都被考到。實(shí)際上看懂大部分句子就可以了。對(duì)主要句子,如表達(dá)中心思想、段落大意的句子,應(yīng)該標(biāo)出并重點(diǎn)閱讀。
1. 文章主旨句
主旨句也就是中心思想句,通常在第一段,可以是第一句,也可能是最后一句,據(jù)有人統(tǒng)計(jì)位于最后一句的幾率高于第一句。主旨句偶爾出現(xiàn)在末段,有的主旨句甚至是文章中間某段中的某句。主旨句的特點(diǎn)是:1)是作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)(不是他人的觀(guān)點(diǎn),不是描寫(xiě)/說(shuō)明,也不是事實(shí))。2)該觀(guān)點(diǎn)可能是作者提倡的,也可能是作者對(duì)他人觀(guān)點(diǎn)的批駁。3)作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)只能有一個(gè),其他的內(nèi)容都起說(shuō)明/論證作用。4)主旨句具有歸納性、概括性、抽象性的特點(diǎn)。5)常常結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜(命題者有意安排所致)。
例1
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. (可讀性:33 難度:12級(jí))
、偈钦f(shuō)明句,交代背景“計(jì)算機(jī)走進(jìn)課堂的支持者有兩派,這兩派之間的界限是無(wú)形的。”②是主旨句,說(shuō)明主題——兩派之間的這種差異說(shuō)明“計(jì)算機(jī)走進(jìn)課堂的運(yùn)動(dòng)”本質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)誤的。
例2
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. (可讀性:58.5 難度: 8.7級(jí))
①引出話(huà)題“巨型水壩”。②解釋修水壩的原因。③轉(zhuǎn)折。④是主旨句“一些巨型水壩弊大于利。”
例3
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. (可讀性:45 難度:10.9級(jí))
、僖鲈(huà)題“超常兒童”。②是主旨句“為了充分發(fā)展超常兒童的潛力,對(duì)他們的教育必須適應(yīng)他們的特點(diǎn)”。
例4
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of . It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an srticle consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it claimed for it ,and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.(360 words 可讀性:49.8 難度:11.5級(jí))
文章話(huà)題是廣告。這篇文章主旨句顯然不在第一段,而是在第三段。該段是前兩段的內(nèi)容的總結(jié):廣告是帶來(lái)前所未有的物質(zhì)上的好處的力量。后兩段(4、5段)話(huà)題為與他人爭(zhēng)辯廣告的勸說(shuō)作用,認(rèn)為廣告就是要?jiǎng)窳砣速?gòu)買(mǎi)。
2. 段落主題句(TOPIC SENTENCE)
除了標(biāo)出篇章的主旨句外,標(biāo)出各段的主題句同樣重要。每一段都有一個(gè)段的中心句,也有人叫它段落大意句、段中心思想句等等。主題句是考試重點(diǎn),很多題目都是圍繞著段中心設(shè)計(jì)的。確定主題句不僅有利于確定文章主旨,還有利讀懂細(xì)節(jié)題,因此主題句的確定是閱讀的關(guān)鍵。
主題句的特點(diǎn):1)通常是第一句話(huà),偶爾是最后一句,段中少見(jiàn)。2)是觀(guān)點(diǎn)(不是描寫(xiě)/說(shuō)明、不是事實(shí))?赡苁亲髡叩挠^(guān)點(diǎn),也可能是他人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。3)該觀(guān)點(diǎn)可能是作者提倡的,也可能是作者認(rèn)為其他人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的/偏激的等等。4)作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)只能有一個(gè)。主題句只能有一個(gè),其他的內(nèi)容都起說(shuō)明/論證作用。5)具有歸納性、概括性、抽象性等特點(diǎn)。
例1
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. (可讀性:68.6 難度:7.8級(jí))
Q:What is the myth concerning giant dams?
[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties.
[D] They have universal control of the waters.
解析:主題句為①“控制該河段水域的神話(huà)依然繼續(xù)著。”下面的句子是兩個(gè)個(gè)體例子說(shuō)明主題句。所以[D]“他們有對(duì)河流水域的完全控制權(quán)”正確。
例2
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old ,sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it , to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also,the most rare. (可讀性:51.4 難度:11.1級(jí))
1. In the paragraph, the author tells us that
[A] difficulties are part of everyone’s life.
depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life.
[C] everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances.
[D] good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence.
2. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?
[A] Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.
Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.
[C] Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B.D.’S.
[D] Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.
分析:①為主題句“知道如何面對(duì)逆境才是真正的聰明人。”②~⑦支持主題句:②③④⑤說(shuō)“對(duì)于所有人來(lái)說(shuō)困難和矛盾是人生的不可避免的一部分”。⑥但有些人成功地避免了不幸,而有些人卻精神崩潰。⑦重申主題句。“那些認(rèn)識(shí)到困難是人生必然存在的事物,不以有無(wú)困難來(lái)衡量愉快與否,是最聰明的人,也是很罕見(jiàn)的人。”答案:1.[A] 2.
3. 題干與選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞
仔細(xì)讀考題,從考題中找出關(guān)鍵詞,目的是確定考的是什么,考文章中的哪一段、哪一句。常見(jiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞包括題干中重要的普通名詞或?qū)S忻~,形容詞、副詞的最高級(jí),四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中相同、相近詞或者相關(guān)內(nèi)容。在這些關(guān)鍵詞的指引下尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的句子或段落。有的時(shí)候關(guān)鍵詞可以是各種詞類(lèi),非常隱蔽,需要非常細(xì)心才能找到。
例1
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”(可讀性:57.3 難度:9.6)
Q: The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade.
indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright.
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years.
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:Pasteur是關(guān)鍵詞,在文章中先找到Pasteur很容易,這樣就確定了所考的段落。由于篇幅所限,本文沒(méi)有引證所有的段落(請(qǐng)參看1994年全國(guó)統(tǒng)考試題Passage4)?v讀全文,大家會(huì)進(jìn)一步體會(huì)到這種方法的好處的。正確理解提到Pasteur的相關(guān)句子便可知道:治愈癌癥還要等很多年。所以答案是[D]。
例2
Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse gases. They take a similar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global climatic change. (可讀性:47.47 難度:12級(jí))
Q:From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will
[A] consume half of the oil produced in the world.
have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations.
[C] widen the gap between the developed and developing countries.
[D] impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities.
解析:關(guān)鍵詞是increased use of cars, 并且和③中vehicle use continues to increase相呼應(yīng),確定考點(diǎn)在此句。③“美國(guó)和其他國(guó)家將不得不做出選擇,或者處理這些問(wèn)題,或者面臨不堪設(shè)想的經(jīng)濟(jì)、健康以及政治后果。”可見(jiàn)答案為。
四、正確選項(xiàng)和錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
在本書(shū)中,正確的選項(xiàng)稱(chēng)為解,錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)稱(chēng)為干擾項(xiàng)。了解這兩種選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)就是要了解命題者的思路。命題者都是英語(yǔ)水平相當(dāng)高的英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)家,專(zhuān)門(mén)研究過(guò)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試?yán)碚,有豐富的命題經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)中國(guó)考生的英語(yǔ)水平和特點(diǎn)有非常深的了解。這些特點(diǎn),是外國(guó)專(zhuān)家所難以具備的。
出題者命題碰到的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是選材。文章的來(lái)源決不可能是學(xué)生學(xué)過(guò)的教材,或者市場(chǎng)上出售的教輔和模擬題。他們要從考生不易得到的、不熟悉的、不經(jīng)常讀的材料中選擇。這些材料包括英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的報(bào)刊雜志,以及眾多的普通讀物。命題要考慮到文章要有一定的難度,對(duì)于話(huà)題考生不能太陌生,當(dāng)然太熟悉也不行。文章要有一定的完整性,即使是從一篇長(zhǎng)文章摘下來(lái)的一部分,其本身也要相對(duì)獨(dú)立,要有中心思想等。然后就是確定題眼(考點(diǎn)),一篇文章只考5道題,不可能所有內(nèi)容都考,這就要確定考什么?偟脑瓌t是文章哪里難就考哪。特別是中國(guó)學(xué)生不易理解之處就可能成為考點(diǎn)。?嫉陌ㄩL(zhǎng)難句的理解、邏輯推測(cè)能力以及段落或文章的中心思想等?键c(diǎn)確定之后,就是寫(xiě)解和設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)。兩者的特點(diǎn)如下:
1. 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
設(shè)置正確選項(xiàng)(解)的一個(gè)常用方法就是同義替換或釋義(paraphrase),即把文中語(yǔ)言改頭換面,運(yùn)用與原文不同的結(jié)構(gòu)、不同的詞匯,來(lái)表達(dá)相同或類(lèi)似的意思。常見(jiàn)的形式有:
1)正確選項(xiàng)大量使用原文的同義詞或同義結(jié)構(gòu)
例1
Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. (可讀性:56.8 難度:10.1)
Q:While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to
[A] alert themselves to the approaching enemy.
emerge from water now and then to breathe.
[C] be sensitive to the ever-changing environment.
[D] avoid being swept away by rapid currents.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:解是②的改寫(xiě),原文和答案詞匯比較如下:
答案中的詞匯實(shí)際上是文中詞匯的英語(yǔ)釋義。答案是。
例2
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. (可讀性:42.4 難度:12級(jí))
Q:Physical dependence on certain substances results from
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time.
exclusive use of them for social purposes.
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases.
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:解是④的改寫(xiě),原文和答案詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)比較如下:
解中詞匯比文中詞匯難而且長(zhǎng)。答案是[A]。
例3
There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. (可讀性:37.8 難度:12級(jí))
Q:The official statistics on productivity growth
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle.
fall short of businessmen’s anticipation.
[C] meet the expectation of business people.
[D] fail to reflect the true of economy.
解析:原文和答案詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)比較如下:
答案詞匯比文中詞匯簡(jiǎn)單,主要考查對(duì)原文詞匯是否真正理解了。答案是。
2)正確選項(xiàng)頻繁使用原文的反義詞加上反義結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)與原文相同的意思,如:
He is old. He is no longer young. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)一個(gè)是肯定形式,一個(gè)是否定形式,考查考生對(duì)這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。
例
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he con speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. (可讀性:73.2 難度:8.0級(jí))
Q:If a child starts to speak later than others, he will
[A] have a high IQ.
be less intelligent.
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals.
[D] not necessarily be backward.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:解是①后半句雙重否定的改寫(xiě),原文和答案詞匯比較如下:
答案是[D]
3)正確選項(xiàng)是原文的總體或局部
總體和局部(或稱(chēng)一般和特殊)的關(guān)系主要表現(xiàn)為:一般是特殊的總和,特殊為一般的屬性。這種題型考查類(lèi)比推理能力。
例
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. (可讀性:51.9 難度:11.6級(jí))
Q: A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when
[A] he has given up his smoking habit.
he has made great efforts in his work.
[C] he is keen on learning anything new.
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey. (實(shí)考試題)
解析:題干中g(shù)enerally是關(guān)鍵詞,與②中g(shù)enerally相對(duì)。②:“人們通常認(rèn)為個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)是外在的成果或產(chǎn)物,是容易辨別和衡量的”,正確答案必須符合“外在”、“易辨別和衡量”這兩個(gè)一般特征。[A]“當(dāng)一個(gè)人戒了煙”,煙戒了是一種易辨別的、外在的“成果”,與“升職”等相似,屬于特殊的情況。故[A]正確。
4)正確選項(xiàng)常常是原文長(zhǎng)難句的簡(jiǎn)單化解釋
難句是所有考試必考的內(nèi)容。難句之所以難有三方面的原因:A)句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜;表達(dá)抽象;C)詞難。所以很多題目都圍繞著難句做文章,通常使用簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯對(duì)難句做淺顯、具體的解釋。
例1
Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one‘s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.” (可讀性:58.1 難度:10.6級(jí))
Q: Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person
[A] whose front view is fully perceived.
whose face is covered with a mask.
[C] whose face is seen from the side.
[D] whose face is free of any covering.
解析:本題考查對(duì)④的理解。特別是presented in profile。profile這里的詞義是“側(cè)面像”,所以[C]whose face is seen from the side“從側(cè)面看去”正確。
例2
But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every commonsense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. (可讀性:35.7 難度:12級(jí))
1.The author’s biggest concern is
[A] elementary school children’s disinterest in reading classics.
the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.
[C] the musical setting American readers require for reading.
[D] the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class.
2.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is
[A] their fondness of music and TV programs.
their ignorance of various forms of art and literature.
[C] their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding.
[D] their inability to focus on conflicting input.
解析:
1.本題考查對(duì)①的理解。該句長(zhǎng)達(dá)62個(gè)詞。全句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為my worry…is less that of…than…“與其說(shuō)……不如說(shuō)……”。作者說(shuō)“我雖然擔(dān)心初級(jí)讀者在讀寫(xiě)方面存在的問(wèn)題,但我更擔(dān)心的是中等階層讀者閱讀技能的問(wèn)題”。接著作者描述了問(wèn)題所在,從of his unwillingness開(kāi)始,作者說(shuō)“他們不能在安靜的環(huán)境下讀書(shū),不能專(zhuān)心……”。所以[D]“中等階層的閱讀能力和閱讀行為”是整句的概括。
2.本題考查對(duì)倒數(shù)第二句的理解,該句長(zhǎng)達(dá)66個(gè)詞,有兩個(gè)分句,用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)。第一個(gè)分句大意為:這種閱讀時(shí)不專(zhuān)心、不安靜、不獨(dú)處的情況是讀寫(xiě)最大的問(wèn)題。go to the heart of 是固定短語(yǔ),意為“(問(wèn)題)最重要的方面”。第二個(gè)分句更復(fù)雜,難點(diǎn)為作者把render sth. +adj.(使什么怎么樣)句型倒裝,形容詞提前,名詞退后,因?yàn)槊~部分較長(zhǎng)。難詞有apprehension“理解”,pay tribute to “崇敬”。大意為:這種伴隨著背景音樂(lè)邊讀邊理解的閱讀方式是不可能做到真正理解和專(zhuān)心致志的,更不用說(shuō)我們欣賞詩(shī)歌時(shí)還需要的崇敬之情了。所以[C]“他們不專(zhuān)心,缺乏基本的理解”是兩個(gè)分句的綜合,是答案。
5)正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文引語(yǔ)的解釋
文章的引語(yǔ)通常較難,因?yàn)樽髡咧砸鏊说脑?huà)是因?yàn)樽约旱脑?huà)無(wú)論怎么說(shuō)都沒(méi)有他人說(shuō)得準(zhǔn)確、說(shuō)得好。引語(yǔ)的目的不是夸耀他人,而是用來(lái)論證說(shuō)明自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。引語(yǔ)是經(jīng)常考查的內(nèi)容,題干形式有兩種:The author quotes…because…;the author quotes…to illustrate…
例
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,”wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.(可讀性:473 難度:12級(jí))
Q:The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in paragraph 1 because
[A] Rudolph Flesch is best-known expert in the study of human creativity.
the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things.
[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view.
[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:這句引語(yǔ)含義:“創(chuàng)造性的思維也許僅僅意味著認(rèn)識(shí)到按常規(guī)做事并沒(méi)有什么不尋常的素質(zhì)”,下一段的前兩句說(shuō)“創(chuàng)造性思維起始于這樣一個(gè)命題:一切東西都不是它表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的那樣。革新家們認(rèn)為做任何事都不是只有一種方法。”將這兩點(diǎn)綜合考慮可知,作者引用Rudolph只不過(guò)是為了進(jìn)一步證明自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn),即創(chuàng)新者總是尋找做事的新方法,這與完全一致。
正確選項(xiàng)的下面的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)是英語(yǔ)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。這些特點(diǎn)總的特征是答案具有高度概括性、歸納性、總結(jié)性、抽象性和推理性。這或許就是英語(yǔ)為什么比六級(jí)難的原因。
6)正確選項(xiàng)是文中例證或事實(shí)的歸納總結(jié)
例1
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the years as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a Percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.(可讀性:49 難度:10.9級(jí))
Q:From the passage we learn that
[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates.
economy will always follow certain models.
[C] the economic situation is better than expected.
[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:綜合推斷題。這兩段并不難,有大量數(shù)據(jù),問(wèn)題考查從這些數(shù)據(jù)可以歸納出什么。第二句說(shuō)通貨膨脹率降到了2.3%;第三句:這(低膨脹率)比多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)的還要低,綜合這一切可以推斷:經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)比預(yù)計(jì)的要好。故[C]正確。
例2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether of not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society”is not on the horizon-it’s already here.(可讀性:45.3 難度:12級(jí))
Q:According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to
[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes.
obtain more convenient services than other people do.
[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper.
[D] cash money wherever he wishes to.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:對(duì)②、③概括,信用卡使持卡者比其他人享有更多的便利服務(wù),可知正確。[A]、[D]兩項(xiàng)均過(guò)于絕對(duì),且與文意不符;[C]“持卡者得到店主更大的信任”文中未提及,也應(yīng)排除。
例3
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.(可讀性:54.2 難度:10.2級(jí))
Q:Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers
[A]to improve their hard life.
in view of their long-distance travel.
[C]to add some flavor to their own daily life.
[D]out of a charitable impulse.(實(shí)考試題)
解析:大意為:過(guò)去很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間,在美國(guó)很多地方,旅行者的到來(lái)對(duì)居民們單調(diào)生活是一種可喜的調(diào)節(jié)。無(wú)聊、孤獨(dú)對(duì)相距很遠(yuǎn)的家庭來(lái)說(shuō)是普遍存在的問(wèn)題。陌生人和旅行者給他們的生活帶來(lái)了娛樂(lè)消遣,因而受歡迎;同時(shí)還帶來(lái)了外面世界的信息。可見(jiàn),邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的人們對(duì)陌生人(游客)如此熱情是因?yàn)檫@給他們的生活增添了樂(lè)趣,所以[C]正確。[A]“為了改善他們的艱苦生活”言過(guò)其實(shí);“于由游客漫長(zhǎng)的旅途”不夠確切。
7)正確選項(xiàng)是對(duì)段落中心/大意,或者篇章中心的歸納總結(jié)
例1
Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child rearing, but what do fathers do? Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each other’s strengths.(可讀性:65.7 難度:7.7級(jí))
Q:The paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is
[A] husband and wife can share house work.
two adults are always better than one.
[C] the fundamental importance of mothers can be fully recognized.
[D] husband and wife can compensate for each other’s shortcoming.
解析:本段的話(huà)題是子女撫養(yǎng)中母親或父親的作用,如果雙方互相支持,可以彌補(bǔ)對(duì)方的缺陷?梢(jiàn)[D]“夫婦可互相補(bǔ)償彼此缺點(diǎn)”是段落中心的概括,符合題意。[A]“夫婦可共同做家務(wù)勞動(dòng)”和 “兩個(gè)總比一個(gè)好”都是根據(jù)生活常識(shí)編造的選項(xiàng)(合理項(xiàng),參見(jiàn)本書(shū)“錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征”一節(jié));[C]“母親的重要性可以得到充分認(rèn)可”,表達(dá)片面。
例2
Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line-stand, at leas to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. (可讀性:39.2 難度:12級(jí))
Q: In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman
[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression.
softened his tone and adopted some new policy.
[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection.
[D] received more support from the 15-member board.
解析:①由于上周發(fā)生的爭(zhēng)執(zhí),Levin可能放棄強(qiáng)硬立場(chǎng)。③Levin宣布,公司將盡力對(duì)可能招致人們反對(duì)的音樂(lè)制定各種發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。綜合這兩鎳可推斷“Levin緩和了語(yǔ)氣并采取一些新政策”正確。[A]正反倒置,錯(cuò)誤;[C]說(shuō)的程度太過(guò)了,Levin還不至于會(huì)改變態(tài)度,屈服于對(duì)方;[D]論據(jù)不足。
8)正確選項(xiàng)是原文某段文字的推理
例
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter in the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/ evolution debate. (可讀性:57.2 難度:9.6級(jí))
Q: From the passage we can infer that
[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate.
creationists do not base their argument on reasoning.
[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists.
[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings.
解析:本段意思是:金切爾是位哲學(xué)家,這也許能部分說(shuō)明他的立論所以明確而有說(shuō)服力。非專(zhuān)業(yè)人士起碼可以了解支持進(jìn)化論的各種數(shù)據(jù)和觀(guān)點(diǎn)。關(guān)于神造論者的最后一章對(duì)每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)都闡述得極為清楚。這部?jī)?yōu)秀作品的護(hù)封上引用了斯蒂芬.杰.古爾德的一句話(huà),“本書(shū)代表的是理性”。的確——如果理性是神造論和進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判,一切問(wèn)題就已解決了。最后一句是個(gè)帶有倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子,轉(zhuǎn)換成正常語(yǔ)序是:If reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate, all would be well. 推斷神造論是非理性的,故正確。
2. 干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),也叫干擾項(xiàng),也戲稱(chēng)陷阱,是出題者(中國(guó)出題專(zhuān)家)的拿手好戲。對(duì)錯(cuò)選項(xiàng)的分析從某種角度來(lái)說(shuō)比正確選項(xiàng)更有意義。因?yàn)樵趯?shí)際做題時(shí),考生做的大部分工作是排除三個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。有時(shí)問(wèn)題集中在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)上,考生明明知道答案就在這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,可是很難判斷究竟哪個(gè)是錯(cuò)的。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),干擾項(xiàng)從語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容兩方面欺騙考生。雖然花樣很多,但總是有些規(guī)律可循的。出題者在編錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)時(shí),就像一個(gè)大騙子,試想騙子的伎倆有哪些呢?首先是把假的說(shuō)成真的,所謂以假亂真,其次是真真假假,虛虛實(shí)實(shí),所謂掉包,再次是夸大其詞,或以偏概全,一會(huì)兒把蘋(píng)果說(shuō)成靈丹妙藥,一會(huì)兒又說(shuō)靈丹妙藥根本不存在。對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)的對(duì)策有以下7種:
1. 合理項(xiàng):文章中沒(méi)提到,利用生活常識(shí)編造出來(lái)的選項(xiàng)同。對(duì)策:做題不可憑空想象,一切都要從文中找依據(jù)。在相當(dāng)多的情況下“項(xiàng)不是解”。
2. 斷章取義:使用文章中出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)或類(lèi)似的結(jié)構(gòu)仿造。對(duì)策:原詞越多,對(duì)的可能性越小。
3. 小動(dòng)作:錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)和原文句子幾乎一樣,但在細(xì)微之處做了手腳,改動(dòng)了幾個(gè)小詞,使得意思和原文不相符。對(duì)策:仔細(xì),仔細(xì),再仔細(xì)!不僅要看大意,更要看細(xì)節(jié)。
4. 以偏概全:就是用文章中的細(xì)節(jié)片面的、次要的觀(guān)點(diǎn)回答問(wèn)題。對(duì)策:時(shí)刻要有一種博大的胸襟。
5. 張冠李戴(把一個(gè)事物的特征說(shuō)成是另一個(gè)事物的特征,把他人的觀(guān)點(diǎn)說(shuō)成是作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn))、正反倒置(把作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)的反面說(shuō)成是作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn))、因果倒置(把因說(shuō)成果,把果說(shuō)成因)。對(duì)策:頭腦清楚。
6. 過(guò)度引申:測(cè)試推理能力是很正常的,但有相當(dāng)多的選項(xiàng),過(guò)度推理,超出文章的范圍。對(duì)策:掌握好分寸。
7. 字面意思:被測(cè)試的單詞或短語(yǔ),實(shí)際(深層)含義和表面上個(gè)別詞匯的意思不同。出題者經(jīng)常用表面意思作為干擾項(xiàng)。對(duì)策:字面意思不是解。
例
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity — are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyams, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. (可讀性:34.9 難度:12級(jí))
1. In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was
[A] under aimless development. a positive example.
[C] a rival to the West. [D] on the decline.
2. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.
More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
3. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
解析:
1. <1 >①“缺乏目標(biāo)從來(lái)就不是戰(zhàn)后日本的典型特征,日本國(guó)的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧令歐美人羨慕”,可見(jiàn)戰(zhàn)后日本是一個(gè)正面榜樣,故正確。[A]小動(dòng)作:把 <1 >①關(guān)鍵詞保留下來(lái),但hardly去掉了,結(jié)果意思大相徑庭,原文的否定變成了肯定;[C]字面意思:envy(羨慕,嫉妒)的字面意思;[D]斷章取義:使用②中“decline”編造。
2. 題干關(guān)鍵詞為chiefly 和be responsible for。 <3 >末句:日本教育大臣說(shuō)過(guò),二戰(zhàn)后占領(lǐng)日本的美國(guó)當(dāng)局進(jìn)行自由化改革削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德觀(guān)。 <4 >①:但是,這(道德)也計(jì)與日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。將兩句聯(lián)在一起看,作者認(rèn)為日本社會(huì)道德下降的主要原因是[D]“生活方式受了西方價(jià)值觀(guān)的影響”,故[D]正確。[A]正反倒置。 <2 >①提到女性進(jìn)入男性占主導(dǎo)地位的人才市場(chǎng),和[A]正好相反,而且[A]也是符合生活常識(shí)的合理項(xiàng)。以偏概全。借用了 <2 >末句的完整意思,但是該句不是觀(guān)點(diǎn),而是一次調(diào)查結(jié)果,是具體的事實(shí),并非全部。[C]以偏概全。 <3 >①:由于重視基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),所以忽視了其他方面的教育。 <4 >①:但是,這(道德下降)也許與日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。所以[C]是次要原因。
3. <3 >①:“盡管由于強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)教育而受到外國(guó)人的贊賞,但是日本教育往往強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)試和機(jī)械性學(xué)習(xí)而忽視創(chuàng)造性及自我表現(xiàn)”,作者暗示日本教育更應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造能力的培養(yǎng),所以[C]正確。[A]斷章取義。將 <2 >①中“climbing…social ladder”和 <3 >①中“often praised by foreigners for”拼在一起唬人。小動(dòng)作。將 <3 >①中over改成as well as。失之毫厘,謬以千里。[D]因果倒置。 <3 >③:考試失敗導(dǎo)致學(xué)生輟學(xué)。[D]顛倒了因果關(guān)系。
閱讀最后沖刺閱讀突破——技巧與總結(jié)
四大問(wèn)題
1.已經(jīng)找對(duì)了題干與原文對(duì)應(yīng)處,為何還做錯(cuò)?原因:
①精確定位:要看清真正的問(wèn)題,即用信息詞定位之后,要看清句子邏輯關(guān)系,弄清意思。如02年60題
、趯W(xué)會(huì)看選項(xiàng)的方法:
a 找最貼近原文意思的選項(xiàng) b 去除選項(xiàng)間的相同信息,專(zhuān)門(mén)關(guān)注區(qū)別點(diǎn) c 分清褒貶 d 分清程度大小,強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注選項(xiàng)中表內(nèi)容的單詞。如同為貶義,則一般挑那個(gè)程度小的選項(xiàng) e 看清范圍,分清是整體還是局部
特別關(guān)注:在動(dòng)詞意義相近的情況下,千萬(wàn)關(guān)注其涉及的名詞!!因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)中的名詞一般都與原文中的名詞一樣,很難做替換
③如何判斷選項(xiàng):
a 在遇到兩個(gè)意思很相近的選項(xiàng)時(shí):特別是假設(shè)A選項(xiàng)正確,還能推出B選項(xiàng)也正確的時(shí)候,究竟選哪個(gè)?要選B選項(xiàng)!!因?yàn)橥ǔ選項(xiàng)的范圍包括了A,即B大于A,所以B正確。
原文、問(wèn)題、選項(xiàng)三者相比較,重要性最高的是問(wèn)題。!其次是選項(xiàng)!!最后是原文!
b 只挑最好的:對(duì)應(yīng)的好于不知道的,不知道的好于不對(duì)應(yīng)的
所謂“不對(duì)應(yīng)的”是指:能明確確定該選項(xiàng)與題目要求不符
所謂“不知道的”是指:在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中以自身水平無(wú)法明確判斷該選項(xiàng)的意思是否在原文出現(xiàn)過(guò)以及能否對(duì)應(yīng)于題目
考場(chǎng)心態(tài):必要性思維——正確選項(xiàng)未必能充分完整地表達(dá)原文意思,而只要沾邊即可。反之,不沾邊的必錯(cuò)!
c 根據(jù)內(nèi)容沾邊客觀(guān)地決定最佳選項(xiàng),因此最佳選項(xiàng)是通過(guò)在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中比較得出的,而非直接憑自己對(duì)原文的推斷得出,注意不要推!
2.根本沒(méi)找到對(duì)應(yīng)處,為什么?
、僭臎](méi)明說(shuō) ②與原文表達(dá)并不完全一樣
看問(wèn)題時(shí),抓什么?
、 如果是細(xì)節(jié)定位的題目,則強(qiáng)調(diào)局部性,“不是找不到,而是要找與問(wèn)題沾邊的”
② 如果所問(wèn)的信息點(diǎn)在原文中布滿(mǎn)全篇,則此點(diǎn)不關(guān)注,并且對(duì)任何一篇文章都可以提問(wèn)的問(wèn)題部分,通通不關(guān)注,而且不必關(guān)注動(dòng)詞,只看題干中剩下的部分,一般會(huì)是個(gè)核心名詞,這時(shí)用這個(gè)核心名詞定位原文,再找與這個(gè)核心名詞沾邊的選項(xiàng),通過(guò)意思上的一致性比較后得出答案。如01年61題 、00年64題
注意:
問(wèn)題的作用僅僅在于提醒我們?cè)撚檬裁葱畔⒆鲱}!
原文的作用僅在于客觀(guān)地復(fù)制到腦中,以為選擇選項(xiàng)的依據(jù),不要有任何主觀(guān)加工推理!據(jù)此可以先排除明顯不對(duì)的選項(xiàng),對(duì)于剩下的選項(xiàng)只挑最佳的,而不是挑最正確的!所以,我們的結(jié)論是:原文看不懂,照樣解對(duì)題目!唯獨(dú)對(duì)于詞匯題,這種方法可能失靈,因?yàn)樵谝痪湓?huà)任何單詞都不認(rèn)識(shí)的情況下無(wú)從選擇,這時(shí)一般來(lái)講,選A的概率較大。
選項(xiàng)的作用在于要求我們對(duì)排除了明顯不沾邊的選項(xiàng)后,對(duì)剩下的選項(xiàng)要反復(fù)比較,不可輕易否定,在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中,要求要快速分辨出選項(xiàng)的差異點(diǎn)。
3.對(duì)于根本沒(méi)辦法找對(duì)應(yīng)信息點(diǎn)的題目,怎么辦?
比如:題干是:原文告訴我們什么? 作者同意什么? 文章的主題? 作者的態(tài)度?
其實(shí)我們讀文章時(shí),最基本的要弄明白:①該文章在說(shuō)誰(shuí)?(圍繞誰(shuí)說(shuō))②是好是壞還是中立?
文章中最重要的部分有4個(gè)部分:段首句,段尾句,轉(zhuǎn)折處,文章末尾!注意:這4個(gè)部分任一部分但凡伴隨著具體事務(wù)、具體信息的,立刻成為非重點(diǎn)。比如02年54題55題 01年67題 00年58題
4.對(duì)于直接問(wèn)下面哪項(xiàng)是正確的,怎么辦?
這種題目無(wú)技巧可言,只好返回原文,重疊選項(xiàng)!
5.對(duì)于兩個(gè)極其相似的選項(xiàng),如何判斷?
、 必須精確定位!對(duì)于兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)猶疑不定,很可能是由于原文讀的信息多了,因此實(shí)際上有一個(gè)根本不沾邊
、 關(guān)鍵要先分清兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別到底在何處,然后再對(duì)比原文選擇!
、 對(duì)于考察整體性的題目,不是根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中個(gè)別單詞與原文一致而選擇,而是要注重選項(xiàng)的整體意義
如03年43題C和D 48題ABD
最后的話(huà):
當(dāng)被選項(xiàng)搞的犯暈時(shí),千萬(wàn)別自亂陣腳,千萬(wàn)記住任何答案要從原文中找,不可主觀(guān)臆斷。。
另外千萬(wàn)看清是到底是在問(wèn)什么、要我們找什么,以利于精確定位,注意選項(xiàng)對(duì)比的“好壞”和“范圍”原則。!
一.閱讀理解命題干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn):
1.看似合理,實(shí)則以偏概全,斷章取義.
慣用手法:利用生活常識(shí)編造選項(xiàng),把文中事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨
應(yīng)對(duì)方法:從文中找依據(jù),找答案,"合理項(xiàng)"不一定就是正確選項(xiàng)
2.偷梁換柱,張冠李戴.
慣用手法:對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng),截取原文詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造,因果倒置,
把A的觀(guān)點(diǎn)說(shuō)成B的觀(guān)點(diǎn).
應(yīng)對(duì)方法:過(guò)于相似的選項(xiàng)不一定正確,"原詞越多,對(duì)的可能性越小".
3.用常規(guī)含義代替偏用詞義.
慣用手法:用常規(guī)詞義麻痹考生.
應(yīng)對(duì)方法:掌握熟詞生義,并根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)其在特定語(yǔ)境下的含義
4.過(guò)度引申.
慣用手法:備選項(xiàng)雖是由文章推出,但是卻超出文章范圍
應(yīng)對(duì)方法:切勿過(guò)度發(fā)揮,一切以原文為本.
二.各類(lèi)題型的特點(diǎn)及解答技巧
(一)主旨題
1.文章主旨給出的四種形式:文首,文中,文尾,沒(méi)有明確主旨,需總結(jié).
2.主旨題的解題技巧
*不管它出現(xiàn)在文章的什么位置,都作為最后一道題去做,因?yàn)樽鐾昶渌}以后會(huì)對(duì)主旨的理解有幫助
*著重理解首末段,首末句
*主旨在文章中間的情況(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思轉(zhuǎn)折,提高警惕
3.主旨題的注意事項(xiàng):
*段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí),該句很可能是主題句
*作者有意識(shí)的反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)通常是主旨
*首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),對(duì)該問(wèn)題的解答就是文章主旨
*提出文章主旨時(shí)常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等
4.選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):
正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息;不含過(guò)分肯定或絕對(duì)意義的詞
干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):細(xì)節(jié)信息明顯;過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)
(二)作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題
1.作者態(tài)度題的解題技巧
*作者對(duì)某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反對(duì),帶中立色彩的詞最不可能是正確答案
*漠不關(guān)心類(lèi)詞語(yǔ)一定不對(duì),既然寫(xiě)文章就不會(huì)不關(guān)心
*不要把自己的態(tài)度揉入其中,也要區(qū)分開(kāi)作者的態(tài)度和作者引用的別人的態(tài)度
*當(dāng)作者的態(tài)度沒(méi)有明確提出時(shí),要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)作者使用詞語(yǔ)的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度
*作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)一般與文章主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)
[注]新趨勢(shì):
*不僅局限于作者的態(tài)度,而發(fā)展到問(wèn)文中某人對(duì)某事物的態(tài)度
*選項(xiàng)可能不再是態(tài)度明確的肯定或否定的詞語(yǔ),而改為帶有程度限制的詞
*一般帶有絕對(duì)化或過(guò)于強(qiáng)烈的表示必錯(cuò),如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic等
*持有保留態(tài)度的比較客觀(guān),常常是正確選項(xiàng),如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent等
(三)詞義/句義題
1.對(duì)詞義考察的兩種方式:超綱詞義含義推斷;熟詞生義或是在特定場(chǎng)合的意思
2.詞義題的解題技巧:
*根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推理猜測(cè),兩個(gè)原則
<1>不管這個(gè)詞多超綱,根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思
<2>不管這個(gè)詞多熟悉,都要通過(guò)上下文得出其在特定場(chǎng)合的意思
*正確選項(xiàng)不是熟詞的常規(guī)含義
3.猜測(cè)詞義的方法:
*構(gòu)詞法:根據(jù)詞根,詞綴判斷詞義
*詞性加搭配:先判斷生詞在文章中的詞性,再看它與哪些詞語(yǔ)可以搭配,最后根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)推測(cè)
*找同義詞,同義解釋,反義詞,反義解釋:在上下文中找出生詞的其他表示方法,由此推斷其含義
*找同位詞:上下文中有可能有類(lèi)似生詞出現(xiàn)的句子的平行結(jié)構(gòu),找出其中和生詞處于同一位置的詞去推測(cè)
4.句義題的解題技巧
*正確選項(xiàng)不含有意義過(guò)于絕對(duì)化的詞語(yǔ),而是使用不肯定語(yǔ)氣或意義解釋深刻
*含原文詞或短語(yǔ)越多,就越不可能是正確選項(xiàng)
(四)推理引申題
1.推理引申題的選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)與答題技巧
干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
*只是原文的簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)述,而非推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論,把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)作間接推理
*看似從原文推斷出來(lái)的結(jié)論,然而實(shí)際上與原文不符,如因果倒置,手段變目的等
*根據(jù)考生已有的常識(shí)是正確的,但是卻不是基于文章,一切以文章為準(zhǔn)
*推理過(guò)頭,引申過(guò)渡
正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
*不是文中明確說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容,沒(méi)有引申推理就不是正確選項(xiàng)
*正確選項(xiàng)大多含義深刻,不是常識(shí)選項(xiàng)
[注意]
*注意那些似乎話(huà)中有話(huà)的的間接表達(dá)句,它們往往采用說(shuō)半句,打比喻,反著說(shuō)的方式,讓考生有推理的余地
*注意含義深刻或結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子.考生對(duì)作者表達(dá)的意思能不能一下子看透,也是命題點(diǎn)所在
(五)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題
1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)
*一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案,但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣,而是用不同的詞語(yǔ)或句型表達(dá)相同的意思
題干+正確選項(xiàng)的信息值等于或者約等于原文中某句的信息值
體現(xiàn)中心思想,一篇試題的細(xì)節(jié)與主旨直接關(guān)聯(lián)
干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
*部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤
*是原文信息,但是不是題目要求的內(nèi)容
*符合常識(shí),但不是文章內(nèi)容
*與原句的內(nèi)容極為相似,只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)
2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題的解題技巧
*主旨與細(xì)節(jié)是相輔相成的,確定了主題,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同樣,對(duì)具體細(xì)節(jié)有較為全面的理解,就能更好的判明主題
*文章的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容不會(huì)孤立的出現(xiàn),它與前后的內(nèi)容密切相關(guān),考生要善于利用因果,類(lèi)比,時(shí)間,空間的關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)組成一個(gè)有機(jī)整體
*看細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容要"跳出來(lái)"看,即要對(duì)文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)有很清楚的認(rèn)識(shí),然后判斷這個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)為什么主題服務(wù)
*堅(jiān)決遵循"本本主義",文章里有什么就用什么,不可憑感覺(jué)發(fā)揮做題
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