高考英語語法中必考的18個重難點(2)

2023-11-09 18:33:12網(wǎng)絡(luò)轉(zhuǎn)載

　　十一

　　動詞need,?require,?want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,若表示的含義是被動的,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式。

　　例如：?The?window?needs(requires,?wants)cleaning(to?be?cleaned).

　　在短語devote?to,?look?forward?to,?pay?attention?to,?stick?to,?be?used?to,?object?to,?thank?you?for,?excuse?me?for?等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式，例如：

　　I?look?forward?to?hearing?from?you?soon.

　　Badly?polluted,?the?water?cannot?be?drunk.?(原因)

　　Being?written?in?haste,?the?composition?is?full?of?mistakes.?(原因,強調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式)

　　Having?been?deserted?by?his?guide,?he?couldn't?find?his?way?through?the?jungle.(為了強調(diào)已完成的動作)

　　Asked?to?stay,?I?couldn't?very?well?refuse.

　　這里?asked?可能意味著?having?been?asked,?也可能意味著when/since?I?was?asked,?但用了?having?been?asked?就不會有歧義。

　　下面句中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同，所以不能代之以強調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：?Covered?with?confusion,?I?left?the?room.我很窘地離開了房間。?United,?we?stand;?divided,?we?fall.?團結(jié)則存，分裂則亡。?He?used?to?live?in?London,?use(d)n't?he?/didn't?he?

　　There?used?to?be?a?cinema?here?before?the?war,?use(d)n't?there?/didn't?there?

　　Such?things?ought?not?to?be?allowed,?ought?they??He?ought?to?be?punished,?oughtn't?he?

　　但在正式文體中,用ought?we?not形式。例如:

　　We?ought?to?go,?ought?we?not?或We?ought?to?go?,should?we?not?

　　十二

　　含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時,疑問部分不可用mustn't

　　1、若前句強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問部分用aren't(isn't)十主語,例如：You?must?be?tired,aren't?you?

　　2、若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時,附加疑問句部分則用needn't。例如：You?must?go?home?right?now,?needn't?you?

　　3、當(dāng)mustn't?表示禁止時,附加疑問部分一般用must。如：?You?mustn't?walk?on?grass,?must?you?

　　4、前句謂語動詞是must?have＋過去分詞時,若前句強調(diào)對過去情況的推測(一般有過去時間狀語),疑問部分的謂語動詞用didn't＋主語;若前句強調(diào)動作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動詞用haven't(hasn't)＋主語,?例如：?He?must?have?met?her?yesterday,?didn't?he?

　　5、陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(前綴或后綴),疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He?is?unfit?for?his?office,?isn't?he?

　　6、如果陳述部分包含有no,?never,?hardly,?seldom,?few,?little,?nowhere,?nothing等否定或半否定詞時,疑問部分用肯定形式。例如：He?is?hardly?14?years?old,?is?he?

　　7、如果陳述部分的主語為everyone,?someone,?no?one等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they。?例如：

　　Everyone?knows?his?job,?doesn't?he?

　　Let's?go?there,?shall?we??Let?us?go?there,?will?you?

　　十三

　　同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容

　　引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有fact,?news,?promise,?idea,?truth等。連接詞用that?(不用which)及連接副詞how,?when,?where,?why等。例如：

　　His?delay?is?due?to?the?fact?that?the?car?went?wrong?halfway.

　　She?asked?the?reason?why?there?was?a?delay.

　　十四

　　關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:

　　1、在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如：

　　The?question?is?whether?the?film?is?worth?seeing.

　　The?news?whether?our?team?has?won?the?match?is?unknown.

　　2、在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時,whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如：

　　Whether?we?shall?attend?the?meeting?hasn't?been?decided?yet.?It?hasn't?been?decided?whether(if)we?shall?attend?the?meeting.

　　3、在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：

　　It?all?depends?(on)?whether?they?will?support?us.

　　4、后面直接跟動詞不定式時。例如：

　　He?doesn't?know?whether?to?stay?or?not.

　　5、后面緊接or?not?時。例如：

　　We?didn't?know?whether?or?not?she?was?ready.

　　6、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。例如：

　　Whether?you?like?it?or?not,?you?must?do?it?well.

　　7、用if會引起歧義時。例如：Please?let?me?know?if?you?like?it.?該句有兩個意思：“請告訴我你是否喜歡”。或“如果你喜歡,請告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。

　　十五、在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句

　　1、先行詞是不定代詞：all,?few,?little,?much,?something,?nothing,?anything等。例如：

　　All?that?we?have?to?do?is?to?practice?every?day.

　　2、先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。例如：

　　The?first?lesson?that?I?learned?will?never?be?forgotten.

　　3、先行詞被all,?any,?every,?each,?few,?little,?no,?some,?等修飾。例如：I?have?read?all?the?book?(that)?you?gave?me.

　　4、先行詞被?the?only,?the?very,?the?same,?the?last?修飾時。?例如：He?is?the?only?person?that?I?want?to?talk?to.

　　5、先行詞既有人又有物時。例如：They?talked?of?things?and?persons?that?they?remembered?in?the?school.

　　十六

　　先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。

　　1、如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。例如：This?is?the?house?where?he?lived?last?year.

　　2、用no?sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。

　　十七、倒裝

　　1、主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly?had?I?entered?the?room?when?I?heard?a?loud?noise.

　　2、代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。例如：Here?it?is.?Here?he?comes.

　　3、當(dāng)句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。例如：South?of?the?city?lies?a?big?steel?factory.?From?the?valley?came?a?frightening?sound.

　　4、表語置于句首時,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。例如：Present?at?the?meeting?were?Professor?White,?Professor?Smith?and?many?other?guests.

　　5、部分倒裝

　　A)用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。例如：Had?you?reviewed?your?lessons,?you?might?have?passed?the?examination.

　　B)用于“形容詞(或名詞、動詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。例如：Pretty?as?she?is?,she?is?not?clever.Try?as?he?would,?he?might?fail?again.

　　C)如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如：Child?as?he?was,?he?had?to?make?a?living.

　　D)用于no?sooner…than…,hardly…when和not?until的句型中。例如：Not?until?the?teacher?came?did?he?finish?his?homework.

　　E)用于never,?hardly,?seldom,?scarcely,?barely,?little,?often,?at?no?time,?not?only,?not?once等詞開頭的句子。?例如：Never?shall?I?do?this?again.

　　Little?did?he?know?who?the?woman?was.

　　F)用于以only開頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時)。例如：Only?this?afternoon?did?I?finish?the?novel.

　　G)如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。?例如：Only?Wang?Ling?knows?this.

　　H)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如：May?you?succeed!?祝你成功!

　　十八、特殊的名詞復(fù)數(shù)

　　stomach－stomachs，

　　a?German－three?Germans,

　　an?American－two?Americans，

　　man?cook?-?men?cooks;

　　papers?報紙,?文件

　　manners禮貌

　　drinks飲料

　　in?a?word?簡言之

　　in?other?words?換句話說

　　have?words?with?與某人吵嘴

　　have?a?few?words?(a?word)?with?sb.與某人說幾句話

　　某些集體名詞,?如people,?police,?cattle等,?只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待,?謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The?police?are?searching?for?him.