英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法必考點(diǎn)合集
2018-12-26 19:37:34三好網(wǎng)
一.轉(zhuǎn)化法
在英語(yǔ)中,一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Letmehaveatry.
讓我試試。
●Theyareonlyallowedtosellsoftdrinksatschool.
在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。
2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
●Heshoulderedhiswaythroughthecrowd.
他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。
●Thesmellfromthekitchenmadehismouthwater.
從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。
3.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
●Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.
我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
●Theytriedtoperfecttheworkingconditions.
他們努力改善工作條件。
4.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Hedidn’tknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.
他不辨是非。
●Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.
我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。
5.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
●Howlonghaveyoulivedthere?
你在那兒住多久了?
6.個(gè)別詞在一定場(chǎng)合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
●Warmclothesareamustinthemountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。
●Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.
人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。
●Hisargumentcontainstoomanyifsandbuts.
他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
二.合成法
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞,這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法,合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞,知其意。
1.合成名詞
●名詞/代詞+名詞newspaperblood-testshe-wolf
●動(dòng)詞+名詞typewriterpickpocketdaybreak
●形容詞+名詞greenhousehighway
●副詞+名詞overcoatoutside
●名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing+名詞handwritingreading-roomfreezing-point
●動(dòng)詞+副詞/副詞+動(dòng)詞breakthroughget-togetheroutbreakoutcome
●名詞+介詞+名詞sister-in-laweditor-in-chief
2.合成形容詞
●名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞world-famousduty-freelarge-scalelong-term
●副詞+形容詞over-anxiousevergreen
●名詞+過去分詞man-madesun-burnt
●名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-lovingEnglish-speaking
●形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞good-lookingeasy-going
●副詞+過去分詞well-informedwidespread
●副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hardworkingfar-reaching
●形容詞+名詞+edwarm-heartedabsent-minded
●數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-leggedten-storied
●數(shù)詞+名詞one-wayfive–star
●數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞ten-year-old800-meter-long
●名詞+to+名詞face–to-facedoor-to-door
3.合成動(dòng)詞
●名詞+動(dòng)詞baby-sitsleepwalk
●副詞+動(dòng)詞outnumberunderestimateoverwork
●形容詞+動(dòng)詞whitewash
4.合成副詞
●形容詞+名詞meanwhileanyway
●形容詞+副詞everywhereanyhow
●副詞+副詞however
●介詞+名詞beforehandoverhead
●介詞+副詞forever
5.合成代詞
●代詞賓格+self/selvesherselfthemselves
●物主代詞+self/selvesmyselfyourselves
●形容詞+名詞anythingnothing
6.合成介詞
●副詞+名詞insideoutside
●介詞+副詞withoutwithin
●副詞+介詞into
三.派生法
由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。
1.前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,但不改變單詞的詞性。
。1)表示否定意義的前綴
●un-unhappyunfinishedundress
●dis-disagreedisbelieve
●in-[il-(在字母l前),im-(在字母m,b,p前),ir-(在字母r前)]inaccurateillegalimpoliteimbalanceirregular
●mis-misbehavemisleadmistake
●non-nonstopnonsmoker
。2)表示其他意義的前綴
●en-“使……”enrichenlargeencourage
●inter-“相互”internationalintercontinental
●re-“再,又,重”rethinkretellrecycle
●tele-“遠(yuǎn)程的”telescopetelephonetelegraph
●auto-“自動(dòng)的”automaticautomobile
●co-“共同”coworkercooperatecoexist
●anti-“反對(duì),抵抗”antiwarantifreezeantinuclear
●multi-“多”multistorymulticulturalmulticolor
●bi-“雙,二”bicyclebilingualbilateral
●micro-“極小的,微小的”microwavemicrocomputer
●over-“太多,過分”overworkoverdooverestimate
●self-“自己,本身”self-centeredself-confidentself-control
●under-“在……下面,……下的,不足的”underline,underground,underestimate,underrate
2.后綴
。1)形容詞后綴
●-able“可……的,具有……的”acceptabledrinkableknowledgeablereasonable
●-al“與……有關(guān)的”physical,magical,political
●-an“屬于某地方的人”AmericanAfrican
●-ern“方向”southern,northern,eastern
●-ful/less“(沒)有……的”helpful,useful,homeless,hopeless
●-ish“如……的;有……特征的”foolishchildishselfish
●-ive“有……傾向的”activeattractiveexpensive
●-en“由……制成的”goldenwoodenwoolen
●-ous“有(性質(zhì))的”famous,dangerous,poisonous
●-ly“有……性質(zhì)的”friendlyyearlydaily
●-y“構(gòu)成形容詞”noisydustycloudy
。2)名詞后綴
●-er/or“表人或用具”farmer,baker,visitor,professor,cooker,container
●-ese“某國(guó)(人)的”Chinese,Japanese
●-ian“某國(guó)、某地人;精通……的人”musician,Asian,Russian,technician
●-ist“某種主義或職業(yè)者”physicist,scientist,communist,socialist
●-ess“表女性,雌性”hostess,actress,princess
●-ment“行為或其狀態(tài)”government,movement,achievement
●-ness“性質(zhì),狀態(tài)”illness,sadness,carelessness
●-tion“動(dòng)作,過程,結(jié)果”invention,organization,translation
●-ance/ence“抽象;行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”importance,appearance,absence,existence
●-th“性質(zhì)、情況”depth,warmth,truth
●-ful“(滿的)量”handful,spoonful,mouthful
●-(a)bility“抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”possibility,disability,reliability
●-al“過程、狀態(tài)”survival,arrival,approval
●-y“性質(zhì)、情況”modesty,delivery,honesty
●-dom“處于……狀態(tài);性質(zhì)”freedom,boredom
●-age“狀態(tài),行為,身份及其結(jié)果”courage,storage,marriage
(3)動(dòng)詞后綴
●-fy/ify“使得;變得”simplify,beautify,purify
●-en“使成為;變得”shorten,deepen,sadden
●-ize“使成為”apologize,realize,specialize
。4)副詞后綴
●-ly“方式,程度”freely,truly,angrily
●-ward(s)“向……”towards,forward,upwards
(5)數(shù)詞后綴
●-teen“十幾”fourteen,eighteen,thirteen
●-ty“整十位數(shù)”forty,fifty,sixty
●-th“序數(shù)詞”twelfth,twentieth