高二英語教案：《Ethnic Culture》教學設(shè)計

高二英語教案：《Ethnic Culture》教學設(shè)計

　　Module 5 Ethnic Culture

　　Part Two Teaching Resources

　　第二部分 教學資源

　　Section 1 Background Readings for Module 5 Ethnic Culture

　　1. The Jinuo Ethnic Group: The Jinuo Ethnic Group is made up of around 18,000 people who live in the Jinghong area of Yunnan. Their language is a Chinese-Tibetan language with no written script, but they mostly speak Chinese today. They live by farming, and fishing, and they grow mainly rice, maize and tea. Rice and maize, along with beans, are their staple foods; they eat three meals a day, with lunch being taken on their farmland. They live in large houses made of bamboo on mountain slopes. About 20 or 30 families live on the upper floor of the same house, keeping their animals on the ground floor. The women wear colorful jackets and short black skirts, while the men wear a short white jacket and white or blue trousers. They are known as good singers and dancers, and the drum is a very important instrument for them. In December they have a special Sun-drum Dance, when older people play a special drum and others dance around drum.

　　2. Ethnic Minorities in the UK: Immigration from countries which were former British colonies means that there are many other ethnic groups in the UK. These are the figures from the 2001 censsus (published 2003). Total UK population: 58,789,194. Ethnic groups: White: 92.1%, Mixed: 1.2%, Asian/Asian British: 4.0%, Black/Black British: 1.8%, Chinese: 0.4%, other: 0.6%.

　　3. Naxi: With a population of about 278009 (as of 1990), the Naxi ethnic group mainly live in concentrated communities in the Naxi Autonomous County of Lijiang in the Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered throughout the neighboring counties in Yunnan Province, as well as Yanyuan, Yanbian and Muli counties in Sichuan Province. There is also a small number living in the Mangkang County in the Tibet Autonomous Region.

　　The Naxi ethnic minority has its own language which belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman Austronesian of the Chinese-Tibetan Phylum. The ancient Naxi people created pictographic characters called the "Dongba" script and a syllabic writing known as the "Geba" script. However, they were difficult to master, and in 1957 the government helped the Naxi design an alphabetic script. Due to close contact with the Han people over the past several hundred years, the Naxi people also use the oral and written Chinese to communicate.

　　According to historical documents, the forefathers of the Naxi people were closely related to a tribe called "Maoniu Yi" in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), "Mosha Yi" in the Jin Dynasty (265-420) and "Moxie Yi" in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The Naxis also had a number of other names. In 1278, the Yuan Dynasty established Lijiang Prefecture representing the imperial court in Yunnan Province. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, following consultation with the ethnic minority, it agreed upon the official name of Naxi ethnic minority.

　　Agriculture is the main occupation of the Naxi people, together with stockbreeding and handicraft industry. The banks of the Jinsha River are heavily forested, and Yulong Mountain is known at home and abroad as a "flora storehouse". The extensive dense forests contain Chinese fir, Korean pine, Yunnan pine and other valuable trees, as well as many varieties of herbs.

　　Naxi literature is rich in form and content. The Dongba script created in the seventh century by the Naxi people is the only pictographic characters extant in the world. The Dongba Scripture, a religious work written in the pictographic script, describes the various aspects of life of the Naxi people during their long transition from slavery to feudalism. It is extremely important for the study of Naxi literature, history and religion.

　　Most Naxi people were followers of the Dongba religion, which is a form of Shamanism. Lamaism, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity only have limited access to the Lijiang area.

　　The traditional festivals include the Farm-Tool Fair in January, the God of the Rain Festival in March, and the Mule and Horse Fair in July. There are also the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-autumn Festival and the Torch Festival -- all being the same as those of the Hans.4. 麗江麗江既是一個縣又一個地區(qū)的名稱。麗江地區(qū)現(xiàn)在管轄4個縣，其中華坪縣是煤炭基地，永勝縣是魚米之鄉(xiāng)，寧蒗彝族自治縣和麗江納西族自治縣是重點旅游開發(fā)區(qū)。全區(qū)面積20600平方公里，總?cè)丝?12萬，除漢族外，人口較多的還來納西族、彝族、傈僳族、白族、普米族等10個少數(shù)民族，人口64萬，約占全區(qū)總?cè)丝诘?7%。麗江少數(shù)民族的語言、習俗、民居、服飾、節(jié)日、歌舞豐富多采，獨具特色。

　　麗江壩子, 云南特有民族納西族的主要聚居地，它是滇西北最大的高原盆地，面積近200平方公里，海拔2400米左右。麗江縣城大研鎮(zhèn)就坐落在壩子的中央。人們通常說的麗江古城，就是大研鎮(zhèn)的中心，在1997年12月4日它被聯(lián)合國列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)名單，成為一座世界文化名城。

　　為什么叫"麗江"呢？ "麗江"一名，始于元朝至元十三年（1276年）設(shè)置行政區(qū)麗江路�！对�史?地理志》說："路因江名。"就是說，"麗江"地名的由來最早起源于金沙江的別稱"麗水"。金沙江就是長江上游，因產(chǎn)金沙得名。但為什么金沙江又稱"麗水"、"麗江"呢？史書上的主要說法是金沙江源于青藏高原犁牛石，而稱犁水，即犁田的犁，山水的水。昆明大觀樓長聯(lián)作者孫髯翁就在《金沙江》詩中寫道："劈開蕃域斧無痕，流出犁牛向麗奔"。蕃域即今藏族先民吐蕃居住區(qū)。后因犁、麗聲音相近而異寫為麗水、麗江。

　　從地圖上看，麗江的西、北、東三面都有金沙江環(huán)繞，就像拉丁字母W，形成三大轉(zhuǎn)折奇觀。由此看來，元世祖忽必烈用此突出的自然實體取名"麗江"，是很恰當?shù)摹｛惤�就是美麗的金沙江，當�(shù)丶{西語又叫"依古堆"，意為大江轉(zhuǎn)彎的地方。這里就引出了麗江古城的大環(huán)境--玉壁金川。玉壁指的就是玉龍雪山，它位于這個壩子的北端，像是古城的一堵銀色照壁，把古城映襯得光彩奪目。金川指的就是金沙江，它三面環(huán)繞麗江地區(qū)615公里，堪稱全球最美麗的江段。

　　麗江縣城雖然地處云南西北高原，終年看見雪山，然而沒有嚴寒，沒有酷暑，不要暖氣，不要空調(diào)。這里年均氣溫攝氏12.6度，最冷的1月平均氣溫約為攝氏6度，最熱月的平均氣溫約為攝氏18度，年溫差僅有12度左右。同時，麗江出現(xiàn)絕對低溫和絕對高溫的次數(shù)比較少，持續(xù)時間也不會太長，所以四季的界限不很明顯。究其原因，主要是低緯度的地理位置，麗江位于北緯27度左右，冬夏兩季日射角度變化小，地面溫度比較均勻；而每年夏秋，又受海洋季風暖濕氣流影響，陰雨天多，地面氣溫不易升高；加之縱橫交錯的高山成為阻擋北方寒流的天然屏障，所以這晨形成干暖溫和的獨特氣候。

　　同時，麗江工業(yè)不多，自然很少受到污染，空氣清新潔凈，到處青山碧水，四季莊稼生長，尤其冬春季節(jié)，天空分外湛藍，陽光充足明媚，令人賞心悅目。正是由于麗江的四季不很明顯，立體變化，遇雨成冬，而且晝夜之間的溫差比較大，所以外地客人到麗江后應(yīng)適當注意增減衣服，以免引起感冒。

　　麗江雖然地處偏僻，卻有著悠久的歷史和燦爛的文化。五萬年前，已有舊石器晚期智人"麗江人"在此生息。從新石器、青銅器的發(fā)現(xiàn)進一步證實了麗江是云南古人類的搖籃之一。麗江地區(qū)開發(fā)較早，公元前109年西漢即設(shè)遂久縣管轄，元初設(shè)置云南37路之一的麗江路，"麗江"一名從此開始。元代至清初的470年間，麗江是納西族木氏土司統(tǒng)治區(qū)域中心。

　　如今的麗江縣，是中國唯一的納西族自治縣，也是麗江地區(qū)最大的一個縣，面積7648平方公里，人口約36萬，其中納西族占55%。納西族源于中國古代南遷的氐羌族群，居住在以麗江為中心的滇川藏交界處，總?cè)丝诩s有30萬，而麗江縣有20萬，占全國納西族總?cè)丝诘?7%。納西族人口不多，分布不廣，然而卻以古老而豐富的民族文化著稱，有人說它是小民族創(chuàng)造大文化。

　　納西族最為著名的文化特色是"三個活化石"。所謂"三個活化石"，即是文字活化石--納西象形文字、音樂活化石--納西古樂、人類社會活化石--摩梭人母系大家庭。創(chuàng)造于唐代的納西東巴文，被稱為世界上唯一活著的象形文字；至今仍在麗江流行的兩套大型古典樂曲《白沙細樂》，被中外音樂界被為"國寶"；瀘沽湖畔摩梭人，至今仍保持著母系大家庭和不娶不嫁的阿夏走婚形態(tài)，為世所罕見。