高中英語語法學(xué)習(xí)竅門

　　一.關(guān)系代詞的用法: 關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞

　　在定語從句中作主語

　　在定語從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語或者介詞的賓語, 介詞在后

　　指人

　　that / who

　　that / who / whom

　　指物

　　that / which

　　that / which

　　上表中黑框內(nèi)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略; 在口語及非正式文體中whom常被who所替代; 另外, 關(guān)系代詞whose表示 “…(先行詞)的”

　　二.示例:

　　1.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語

　　a. Do you know the man that / who came to see Xiao Yang this morning ?

　　b. This is a book that / which tells about space rocket.

　　2.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語

　　a. The comrade ( that / who / whom ) they came to visit is a scientist.

　　b. I will never forget the day ( that / which ) we spent in the countryside.

　　3.關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語, 介詞在后

　　a. This is the house ( that / which ) he was born in.

　　b. The person ( that / who / whom ) you should write to is Mr Ball.

　　c. The man ( that / who / whom ) you talked with is our English teacher.

　　4.whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　a. I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel Prize winner.

　　b. The child whose mother died in the fire is now an engineer in our company.

　　c. He is living in a house whose windows are painted white.

　　三.應(yīng)注意的問題:

　　1.指物時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞只用that而不用which的情況:

　�、�.先行詞被最高級(jí)或the only, the very, the same等修飾時(shí)

　　a. This is the best play that was written by Jack.

　　b. He is the only person that I can trust.

　�、�.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last等詞修飾時(shí)

　　a. This is the first car that arrived this morning.

　�、�.先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代詞時(shí)或被不定代詞all, any, no等修飾時(shí)

　　a. All the people that come from the country work much harder.

　　b. This is all that I can tell you.

　�、�.人+動(dòng)物或事物共同作為先行詞時(shí)

　　a. My father and Mr Brown talked of things and persons that they remembered for about an hour.

　�、�.句中又有which作為疑問詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)

　　a. Which is the train that goes to Beijing ?

　　2.關(guān)系代詞who, which, that在定語從句中作主語時(shí), 要注意定語從句中的主謂一致問題. 因?yàn)閣ho / that / which指代先行詞, 所以定語從句的謂語與先行詞保持一致即可

　　a. I came to get the book that was left in the classroom.

　　b. I came to get the books that were left in the classroom.

　　關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　一.關(guān)系副詞的用法: when在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語; where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語; why在定語從句中作原因狀語

　　二.示例:

　　a. He was well at the time when I saw him.

　　b. Let’s meet at the place where we met yesterday.

　　c. This is the reason why I am in favor of the singer.

　　三.應(yīng)注意的問題:

　　1.在某些表示時(shí)間的名詞后的關(guān)系副詞可省略, 這樣的名詞如: the time, every time, each time, the moment, the minute, the second等 (也有語法家認(rèn)為是這些名詞直接引導(dǎo)了時(shí)間狀語從句)

　　a. By the time ( when ) he was fourteen years old he had learned much English.

　　介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　一.說明: 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時(shí), 介詞可以位于關(guān)系代詞之前, 從而構(gòu)成介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　二.這種定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法: 在這種定語從句中, 關(guān)系代詞只能用whom(指人)和which(指事物), 而不能使用that / who

　　三.示例:

　　a. This is the house in which he was born.

　　b. The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball.

　　c. The man with whom you talked is our English teacher.

　　d. The gentleman, with whose daughter I worked, looked down upon woman.

　　四.應(yīng)注意的問題:

　　1.關(guān)系代詞前的介詞可以是單個(gè)介詞, 也可以是短語介詞或類似短語介詞的詞組

　　a. This is the house in which he was born.

　　b. At five o’clock we reached the house, in front of which there is a big tree.

　　c. At five o’clock we reached the mountain, at the foot of which lie some farmhouses.

　　2.根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要, 介詞之前還可以有其他詞, 從而構(gòu)成“名詞或代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　a. I used to live in a small room, the window of which faces the street.

　　b. At the gate stood a group of students, some of whom are girls.

　　3.介詞若為短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞, 則不可將介詞拆開放在關(guān)系代詞之前

　　a. This is the magazine which you are looking for.( for不能放在which之前)

　　b. The child whom Aunt Li takes care of is ill.( of不能放在whom之前)

　　4.關(guān)系副詞when / where / why�？膳c “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”互換

　　a. Do you remember the days when we were in Beijing? ( =in which we were in Beijing )

　　b. Do you remember the park where we once played for a whole day?( =in which we once played for a whole day )

　　c. This is the reason why he was absent yesterday. (= for which he was absent )

　　限定性與非限定性定語從句

　　一.兩者的區(qū)別: 見下表

　　形式

　　作用

　　譯法

　　限定性定語從句

　　無逗號(hào)與主句分開

　　修飾限定作用, 即不可缺少的定語

　　其譯文常位于先行詞之前, 并體現(xiàn)“的”

　　非限定性定語從句

　　有逗號(hào)與主句分開

　　附加、補(bǔ)充說明的作用, 若缺少它, 句意仍然完整

　　常將其譯成一個(gè)和主句并列的分句

　　二.關(guān)系詞的用法: 非限定性定語從句不能用that引導(dǎo), 并且關(guān)系詞在任何情況下都不能省略, 除此之外, 在關(guān)系詞的使用上, 非限定性定語從句與限定性定語從句完全相同

　　三.示例:

　　a. My book, which is very old, is on the table.

　　b. President Kennedy, who had heard of King before, was interested to meet him.

　　c. His father, who is working in Beijing, is an engineer.

　　d. The house, where he was born, has been destroyed in the earthquake.

　　e. Mr. Smith, with whom you just talked, is our English teacher.

　　f. The gentleman, with whose daughter I worked, looked down upon woman.

　　四.應(yīng)注意的問題:

　　1.as / which都可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限定性定語從句, as / which是關(guān)系代詞, 指代主句中所提到的某種情況, 它們的不同點(diǎn)是:

　�、�.as引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句位置比較靈活, 可位于句首, 句中, 句尾; 但which引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句只能位于主句之后

　�、�. as還帶有“正如, 正象”之意, 而which不含此意

　　a. The earth is like a ball, as everyone knows.

　　b. As everyone knows, the earth is like a ball.

　　c. They said they were French, which wasn’t true.

　　常見問題

　　一.定語從句還原法: 試題中有很多有關(guān)定語從句的, 這類題往往需選擇引導(dǎo)詞部分. 做好這類題的關(guān)鍵首先是要有這樣的觀念: 定語從句應(yīng)有完整而合理的句子成分. 基于這一點(diǎn), 我們可以用“還原法”來檢驗(yàn)定語從句是否正確, 即把定語從句還原成為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句. 具體做法是:

　�、�.第一步: 替換. 將關(guān)系代詞直接替換成先行詞, 如果是關(guān)系副詞, 先替換成介詞+關(guān)系代詞, 再將關(guān)系代詞替換成先行詞

　　②.第二步: 調(diào)整, 即調(diào)整語序, 看能否構(gòu)成一個(gè)合理的簡(jiǎn)單句

　　例如, 還原以下例句a中的定語從句的過程是: 先將that / which替換成先行詞the park, 再調(diào)整語序, 就能得到一個(gè)合理的簡(jiǎn)單句: We visited the park last year. 再如, 還原以下例句b中的定語從句的過程是: 先將where替換成in which, 再將which替換成先行詞the park, 再調(diào)整語序, 就得到一個(gè)合理的簡(jiǎn)單句: We once played for a whole day in the park.

　　a. Do you remember the park that / which we visited last year?

　　b. Do you remember the park where we once played for a whole day?

　　c. Do you still remember the days that / which we spent together ?

　　d. Do you still remember the days when we were together?

　　二.分隔定語從句: 定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后, 但有時(shí)也被分隔開來, 在閱讀時(shí)要注意根據(jù)定語從句所表達(dá)的意思來分辨先行詞是什么

　　a. I was the only person in the office who was invited.

　　b. He was the only one of the students who passed the GRE.

　�、�.as引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句位置比較靈活, 可位于句首, 句中, 句尾; 但which引導(dǎo)的這種定語從句只能位于主句之后

　�、�. as還帶有“正如, 正象”之意, 而which不含此意

　　a. The earth is like a ball, as everyone knows.

　　b. As everyone knows, the earth is like a ball.

　　c. They said they were French, which wasn’t true.

　　常見問題

　　一.定語從句還原法: 試題中有很多有關(guān)定語從句的, 這類題往往需選擇引導(dǎo)詞部分. 做好這類題的關(guān)鍵首先是要有這樣的觀念: 定語從句應(yīng)有完整而合理的句子成分. 基于這一點(diǎn), 我們可以用“還原法”來檢驗(yàn)定語從句是否正確, 即把定語從句還原成為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句. 具體做法是:

　　①.第一步: 替換. 將關(guān)系代詞直接替換成先行詞, 如果是關(guān)系副詞, 先替換成介詞+關(guān)系代詞, 再將關(guān)系代詞替換成先行詞

　�、�.第二步: 調(diào)整, 即調(diào)整語序, 看能否構(gòu)成一個(gè)合理的簡(jiǎn)單句

　　例如, 還原以下例句a中的定語從句的過程是: 先將that / which替換成先行詞the park, 再調(diào)整語序, 就能得到一個(gè)合理的簡(jiǎn)單句: We visited the park last year. 再如, 還原以下例句b中的定語從句的過程是: 先將where替換成in which, 再將which替換成先行詞the park, 再調(diào)整語序, 就得到一個(gè)合理的簡(jiǎn)單句: We once played for a whole day in the park.

　　a. Do you remember the park that / which we visited last year?

　　b. Do you remember the park where we once played for a whole day?

　　c. Do you still remember the days that / which we spent together ?

　　d. Do you still remember the days when we were together?

　　二.分隔定語從句: 定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后, 但有時(shí)也被分隔開來, 在閱讀時(shí)要注意根據(jù)定語從句所表達(dá)的意思來分辨先行詞是什么

　　a. I was the only person in the office who was invited.

　　b. He was the only one of the students who passed the GRE