如何在寫作中進(jìn)行“簡(jiǎn)潔”的表達(dá)

　　很多學(xué)生在練習(xí)英文作文時(shí)，認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)句、難句或復(fù)雜句能夠提升文章的語言質(zhì)量，展示自己“深厚”的語言功底，并因此獲得更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。他們?cè)趥淇紡?fù)習(xí)時(shí)也花了很多精力在長(zhǎng)句的練習(xí)上，考試時(shí)也會(huì)盡量使用長(zhǎng)句。這種想法確實(shí)有一定的道理，因?yàn)楹芏嗫荚嚾缧峦懈５膶懽骺颇吭u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中確實(shí)有從語法或用詞的多樣性等角度考察語言質(zhì)量的評(píng)分項(xiàng)目，考生假如能夠熟練地運(yùn)用各種句式寫出出色的長(zhǎng)句，確實(shí)能給文章增色不少。

　　然而一味地追求句子的長(zhǎng)度有時(shí)反而會(huì)犧牲句子的“可讀性”，非凡是對(duì)一些基礎(chǔ)一般的學(xué)生來說，有時(shí)生硬地追求長(zhǎng)句反而破壞了句子的句法準(zhǔn)確性。下面我們就來看一些例子，體會(huì)一些寫得并不成功的長(zhǎng)句和如何修改的建議：

　　建議一：避免空洞的單詞和詞組

　　1。 一些空洞的單詞或詞組更本不能為句子帶來任何相關(guān)的或重要的信息，完全可以被刪掉。比如下面的句子：

　　When all things are considered， young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents，in my opinion。

　　這句話當(dāng)中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion”都顯得多余。完全可以去掉。改為：Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents。

　　2。 有些空洞和繁瑣的表達(dá)方式可以進(jìn)行替換，例如：

　　Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents， they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time。

　　“due to the fact that”就是一個(gè)很典型的繁瑣的表達(dá)方式的例子，可以替換，簡(jiǎn)化為下面的表達(dá)方式：

　　Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents，they did not have the options that young people have now。

　　建議二：避免重復(fù)

　　1。 盡量避免重復(fù)使用同樣的詞匯�；蛘哂械臅r(shí)候雖然詞匯沒有重復(fù)，但意思卻有重復(fù)。這時(shí)候可以做一些簡(jiǎn)化的工作。例如下面這個(gè)例子：：

　　The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size。

　　Large 對(duì)一個(gè)farm來說就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改為：The farm my grandfather grew up on was large。

　　更簡(jiǎn)潔的表達(dá)方式為：My grandfather grew up on a large farm。

　　2。 有時(shí)一個(gè)詞組可以用一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的單詞來替換，例如：

　　My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents‘ farm。

　　這里的over and over again就可以改為repeatedly，顯得更為簡(jiǎn)潔：

　　My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents‘ farm。

　　建議三：選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z法結(jié)構(gòu)

　　選擇合適的語法結(jié)構(gòu)可以使句子意思的表達(dá)更為精確和簡(jiǎn)練。雖然語法的多樣性也很重要，但選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z法結(jié)構(gòu)仍然是更為重要的考慮因素。以下原則是在考慮選擇何種語法結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)可以參考的原則：

　　1。 一個(gè)句子的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該能夠反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：

　　The situation that resulted in my grandfather‘s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm。

　　從意思上來分析，上面這句話需要表達(dá)的重要的概念是“grandfather‘s not being able to study”，而在表達(dá)這個(gè)概念時(shí)，原句用的主語是situation，謂語動(dòng)詞是was，不能強(qiáng)調(diào)需要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)概念，可以改為下面這句話：My grandfather couldn‘t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm。

　　2。 避免頻繁使用“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如下面的句子：

　　There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day。 It was hard work for my grandfather。

　　可以改為：My grandfather worked hard。 He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day。

　　更簡(jiǎn)潔的句式為：My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily。

　　3。 把從句改為短語或單詞。例如：

　　Dairy cows were raised on the farm，which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote。

　　簡(jiǎn)介的表達(dá)方式為：The dairy farm was located in a remote area， 100 kilometers tothe nearest university。

　　4。 僅在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語而不是主語的時(shí)候，才使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：

　　In the fall， not only did the cows have to be milked， but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather‘s family。

　　本句不夠簡(jiǎn)潔的原因是本句的重心應(yīng)該是“忙碌的家庭－my grandfather‘s family”，而使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)后，仿佛重心變成了cows和hay。下面的表達(dá)方式是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，相對(duì)來說更簡(jiǎn)潔一些：In the fall， my grandfather‘s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay。

　　5。 用更為精確的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來代替動(dòng)詞短語，例如下面這句話：

　　My grandfather didn‘t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends。

　　Stand around doing nothing其實(shí)可以用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來表達(dá)，即loiter：My grandfather didn‘t have time to loiter with his school friends。

　　6。 有時(shí)兩句話的信息經(jīng)過組合完全可以用一句話來簡(jiǎn)練地表達(dá)，例如：

　　Profits from the farm were not large。 Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm。 They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree。

　　兩句話的信息可以合并為下面這句更為簡(jiǎn)潔的句子：Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses， let alone pay for a university degree。